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### Viewing cable 04HARARE638, HIV/AIDS, ECONOMY EXACTING TOLL ON CHILDREN

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
04HARARE638 | 2004-04-14 13:08 | 2011-08-24 16:30 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Harare

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 HARARE 000638

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    DEPARTMENT FOR G, OES/IHA, OES/PCI, DHRL, AF/S, AF/EPS, IO
    WHITE HOUSE FOR ONAP
    USAID FOR AFR/AA/AIDW AND BUREAU FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
    DHHS FOR OFFICE OF GLOBAL HEALTH AFFAIRS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: PHUM SOCI KHIV ZI HIV AIDS
    SUBJECT: HIV/AIDS, ECONOMY EXACTING TOLL ON CHILDREN

     -------
    Summary
    -------

    ¶1. (SBU) Almost one-tenth of Zimbabwe,s population consists
    of AIDS orphans-having lost one or both parents to the
    disease.  Most try to carry on living as they had before,
    although some do take to the streets of the major cities to
    hustle for a living and/or turn to commercial sex work to
    make ends meet.  During March 2004, poloff met with local
    NGOs in Harare, Bulawayo, and rural areas in Matabeleland
    North and Mashonaland East, UNICEF, and the Ministries of
    Home Affairs and Public Service, Labor, and Social Welfare to
    discuss the effect both HIV/AIDS and the deteriorating
    economic situation has had on children; the link between HIV
    orphans, prostitution, and street kids; and government
    responses and initiatives to address these problems.  The
    survey confirms conclusions from the most recent Human Rights
    Report that the GOZ commitment to children's rights and
    welfare has deteriorated over the last few years in spite of
    legislation that protects children.  The survey also revealed
    that HIV/AIDS is exacting a heavy toll on children often
    thrust into adult roles who suffer poor nutrition and abuse
    and abandon their education, particularly in commercial farm
    communities.  The interviews did not necessarily support the
    hypothesis that the increase in HIV/AIDS orphans has led to
    the growing phenomena of street children or child
    prostitution, which appear to be more a function of
    Zimbabwe's deteriorating economic situation. End Summary.

    -------------------------------------
    Effect of HIV and Economy on Children
    -------------------------------------

    ¶2. (U) The combination of the HIV/AIDS and humanitarian
    crises has resulted in a growing number of orphans and
    vulnerable children (OVC).  With formal unemployment
    estimated at 70 percent and destitution on the rise, the
    coping strategies, especially within extended families, to
    look after orphans are quickly being eroded.  In addition,
    orphaned children are often denied access to basic health and
    educational services and are at increased risk of being
    abused and contracting HIV.

    Situation on Commercial Farms
    -----------------------------
    ¶3. (U) The Farm Orphan Support Trust (FOST), a local NGO
    established by the Commercial Farmers Union in the early
    1990s to address the rising AIDS orphan problem on commercial
    farms, told poloff that the land redistribution program had
    eroded the ability of many farm communities to care for
    non-related children orphaned or vulnerable as a result of
    HIV/AIDS because of disruptions to employment.  The number of
    orphans on commercial farms in Chipinge in Manicaland and
    Mashonaland Central jumped from 17 per farm in October 2002
    to 25 per farm in October 2003.  FOST also recorded an
    increase in both marriages between young teenage girls and
    older men and teen births.

    ¶4. (U) FOST carried out a baseline survey of OVC on 95 farms
    in three districts in Mashonaland Central during October
    ¶2003.  The results of the survey showed that 12.29 percent of
    households (1722) were classified as vulnerable (having a
    single parent, elderly, or young primary caregiver).  Within
    the vulnerable cohort, 80.49 percent were female headed,
    22.14 percent elderly headed, 8.6 percent headed by someone
    aged 17-24, and 1.1 percent headed by someone younger than
    ¶17.  Almost 22 percent (21.66) of all children younger than
    17 years of age on the farms were classified as
    orphaned--having lost at least one parent--or
    vulnerable--living with a chronically ill parent or
    caregiver.  Two-thirds of the children were younger than 13
    years of age.

    ¶5. (U) The survey also identified problems these OVC face,
    including access to schools, health services, and birth
    certificates.  The survey showed that 5,887 children, 43 or
    49 percent of the youth population depending on the reference
    group, did not have birth certificates.  A 2000 enumeration
    in Mashonaland Central showed more than 40 percent of
    orphaned children as not having birth certificates.

    Matabeleland North
    ------------------
    ¶6. (U) In Matabeleland North, Poloff met with Bekezela, a
    local NGO helping AIDS orphans located in the mining
    community of Inyathi, Bubi district, and the Matabeleland
    AIDS Council (MAC) and Masiye Camp in Bulawayo to discuss the
    orphan situation.  The director of Bekezela commented that
    the number of deaths among people aged 17 to 40 was high and
    that the orphans were often discriminated against.  Forms of
    discrimination included denial of access to school (boys
    often herd cattle instead) or adequate clothing, sexual
    abuse, and overburdening with chores.  The director also
    commented that she had noticed an increase in early marriage
    of girls aged 14 and 15 to older men, in which presumably
    orphanhood was a factor.  These men are typically members of
    groups with high HIV risks (gold panners and miners who
    frequent sex workers), thereby increasing the girls, risk of
    contracting HIV/AIDS.  At one mine in the community, 90
    percent of those tested were HIV positive.

    ¶7. (U) MAC has been working with Matabeleland companies to
    develop workplace HIV/AIDS policies but this initiative has
    not had much success with the area's mining companies,
    according to Bekezela's observations.  When asked if they had
    seen an increase in child rapes, MAC said they had not.
    (Note: Many people still believe that having sex with a
    virgin will cure them of HIV.  End Note.) In fact, they said
    the Traditional Healers Association (THA) had embarked on an
    HIV training campaign to discourage the membership from
    encouraging sex with virgins as a cure for AIDS.  THA is also
    teaching safer blood practices to its membership.

    Mashonaland
    -----------
    ¶8. (U) In Mashonaland East, poloff met with Uzumba Orphan
    Trust (UOT) in Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe district and Mother of
    Peace Orphanage in Murehwa.  The director of UOT estimated
    that 75 percent of the orphans in the area were AIDS orphans.
     UOT said that inheritance practice was a big challenge for
    many of the children since local custom permits the
    children's paternal relations to take everything from the
    deceased relative's home, leaving the children destitute. UOT
    has been working to sensitize local headmen and communities
    to the plight of AIDS orphans and to encourage support for
    them.  Neither UOT nor Mother of Peace Orphanage noticed an
    increasing trend of AIDS orphans migrating to growth points
    or cities.

    ------------------------------
    Street Kids: A Growing Problem
    ------------------------------

    ¶9. (U) Street kids have grabbed the headlines over the last
    six months because of recent criminal acts perpetrated by
    homeless people, as well as government roundups of the
    homeless.  The media and lawmakers have blamed street kids
    for these crimes, but they often define a street kid or youth
    as someone as old as 25 to 34 years.  Most of the crimes
    reported in the press were committed by men 18 years and
    older.

    ¶10. (U) In Harare, poloff met with Streets Ahead and Child
    Protection Society (CPS), Harare-based NGOs that work with
    street children, and UNICEF to discuss the situation.
    Streets Ahead and UNICEF indicated that many of the children
    in the streets are not homeless and live in Harare's
    high-density suburbs (Epworth, Mbare, Hatfield) but are sent
    to the city center to &work.8  Of those children who do
    live on the streets, the reasons for this phenomenom range
    from being HIV/AIDS orphans, poverty, and unemployment to
    step-parent abuse and displacement due to land resettlement.
    Streets Ahead noted that one sees few girls on the streets
    during the daytime because they are sleeping in preparation
    for their nighttime commercial sex work.  Last year, Streets
    Ahead wanted to hold a series of community education meetings
    to discourage parents from sending their children to the
    cities to work but were banned from holding the meetings
    under the repressive Public Order and Security Act that has
    been used to thwart public demonstrations since its
    implementation in 2002.  CPS noted that even border towns,
    like Beitbridge at the South African border, are experiencing
    an increase in street kids, many of whom often engage in
    prostitution.  A formal study to quantify the number of
    street kids has not been conducted since 2000, when UNICEF
    estimated Zimbabwe had 12,000.

    ¶11. (U) Masiye Camp, a Bulawayo-based NGO that provides
    psychosocial support and life skills to AIDS orphans, noted
    an increase in the number of orphans on the street in
    Bulawayo. Masiye Camp said the children were in the streets
    for a number of reasons but most had homes to which they
    could return.  Others had run away from institutions.  More
    than 80 percent of the street kids in Bulawayo are boys,
    according to Masiye Camp.  The director commented that there
    had also been an increase in prostitution and drug
    trafficking among minors.

    ¶12. (U) The Government has responded to the street kid
    problem by authorizing the Zimbabwe Republic Police to round
    them up and take them outside of the city limits.  The
    Ministry of Home Affairs and Department of Social Welfare in
    the Ministry of Public Service, Labor, and Social Welfare
    maintain that the children aged 16 years and below have been
    sent to institutions and children's homes and that families
    have not been separated.  The Ministry of Home Affairs was
    silent on what happens to those over the age of 17 but UNICEF
    believes them to have been sent to farms to work, unless the
    Department of Social Welfare assessed them to be criminals.
    Both Streets Ahead and UNICEF reported hearing credible
    stories from children of being rounded up and dropped off in
    the rural areas with no food or water.

    --------------------------------------
    Birth Certificates Difficult to Obtain
    --------------------------------------

    ¶13. (U) The GOZ and NGOs recognize that the current system of
    birth registries is inadequate and in need of an overhaul.
    According to UNICEF, 30 percent of children nationwide did
    not have birth certificates but the situation varied widely
    from district to district.  For example, in Chipinge South in
    Manicaland 60 percent of children did not have birth
    certificates while in Rusape, just outside of Harare, 15
    percent of children did not have birth certificates. Without
    a birth certificate, a child cannot proceed beyond grade 7 in
    school, cannot access available social services, and would
    not be able to register to vote upon reaching age 18. FOST
    and Streets Ahead hypothesized that birth registrations were
    not happening because of an inherent mistrust of foreigners
    (many farm workers are foreign born) and the idea that farm
    workers are anti-government (in the case of farm worker
    families) and that orphans would become opposition voters
    once they get older.

    ¶14. (U) Poloff met with Deputy Minister of Home Affairs
    Shadreck Chipanga to discuss the issue of birth certificates.
     Chipanga is also the MP for Makoni East, a district in
    Manicaland with a high proportion of farm workers who trace
    their roots to neighboring countries and who do not own
    identity cards.  Chipanga denied the theory that the GOZ was
    not interested in getting farm worker families and orphans
    registered for fear that they would become opposition party
    supporters.  He lamented the fact that in his own district,
    lots of people did not have birth certificates or identity
    cards so they could not register to vote or vote for him.
    (Note: The identity card issue has a long history in the
    commercial farming sector.  Commercial farm workers typically
    came from Mozambique, Zambia, and Malawi and did not need
    identification cards to work.  Several had no identification
    from their native countries so they couldn't obtain identity
    documents from Zimbabwe either.  Because the parents need to
    have identity cards or birth certificates to register their
    children, these immigrants, children were also not
    registered.  Commercial farmers didn't facilitate obtaining
    birth certificates for farm worker children because the
    children then could go to school beyond grade 7 and would
    more likely leave the cheap farm labor pool. End Note.)
    Chipanga identified recent legislation (the Citizenship of
    Zimbabwe Amendment Act) and initiatives (sub-offices in
    clinics and hospitals to record births immediately) that
    would facilitate birth registries and obtaining Zimbabwean
    identification cards.

    -------------------
    Government Response
    -------------------

    ¶15. (U) True to GOZ statements of late, the Director of the
    Department of Social Welfare in the Ministry of Public
    Service, Labor, and Social Welfare expressed a certain
    mistrust and disdain for the NGO community working on the
    problems of AIDS orphans and street kids.  In a meeting with
    poloff, the director lamented the lack of coordination
    between the NGOs and government and among the NGOs
    themselves.  He also asserted that the NGOs have an interest
    in not helping the children fully and in trying to keep
    children on the streets or otherwise dependent on NGO
    services.  Despite this disdain, the Ministry has worked with
    the NGO community on a number of initiatives to address the
    burgeoning problem of OVC and street kids.

    ¶16. (U) In June 2003, the Government, non-governmental
    organizations, community-based organizations (CBO),
    faith-based organizations (FBO) and children met at a
    national stakeholders conference in Harare to widen the
    consultative process and secure broad-based support for a
    National Plan of Action for Orphans and other Vulnerable
    Children (NPA).  The Plan seeks to ensure that OVC are able
    to access education, food and health services, birth
    registration, and protection from abuse and exploitation
    through coordinated efforts by government and civil society.
    The Plan is currently under government review.

    ¶17. (U) Prior to the NPA, Zimbabwe had two key national
    policies and a legal framework specifically geared to support
    children.  Legislation pertinent to children included the
    Child Protection and Adoption Act, the Guardianship of Minors
    Act, the Maintenance Act, and the Child Abduction Act.
    National policies included the National Orphan Care Policy
    and the National AIDS Policy, both adopted in 1999, which
    reflected traditional ways of doing things and promoted
    collaboration between government and civil society.  The
    government also adopted a number of programs to assist OVC
    such as:
          --The Basic Education Assistance Module (a tuition fee,
    levy and examination fee assistance provided to OVC);
          --Public Assistance, Drought Relief and Assisted
    Medical Treatment Programs for vulnerable families;
          --A three-percent tax levy to support the National
    HIV/AIDS Policy;
          --The National Strategy on Children in Difficult
    Circumstances;
          --OVC programs implemented in partnership with CBOs,
    FBOs, and NGOs.

    ¶18. (U) The Government, NGO, CBO, and FBO community also
    formed two task forces last year to address the problem of
    street kids.  The Harare Street Children Task Force comprised
    local NGOs and the Ministry of Public Service, Labor and
    Social Welfare.  According to UNICEF, it met a few times and
    then fizzled out.  The National Task Force on Children in
    Difficult Circumstances held a workshop in December 2003 in
    which street children took part.  The results of the workshop
    are not yet available.

    -------
    Comment
    -------

    ¶19. (SBU) Poloff's meetings with NGO and government
    representatives were both disconcerting and encouraging.  It
    was troubling to discover that there are nearly one million
    AIDS orphans in Zimbabwe and that the support systems
    available to them are haphazard.  The mere existence of
    legislation that purports to safeguard the rights of the
    orphan child are rendered meaningless if the general
    population is ignorant of the laws, the laws are not
    implemented or enforced, or the general population chooses to
    adopt traditional methods of handling the orphans that are
    detrimental to the child.  It was encouraging, however, to
    discover that government ministries are aware and concerned
    about the problem and seem to be actively seeking solutions,
    often in collaboration with NGOs.  Unfortunately, the number
    of AIDS orphans is so large that it will be difficult for
    government to manage the problem effectively and to preserve
    and build human capital without both an improvement in the
    economic conditions in the country and an infusion of
    assistance from the international community.

    ¶20. (SBU) The dimensions of Zimbabwe's problem may not have
    reached the scale of other countries, but with no relief to
    the economy's implosion in sight, the challenges posed by
    Zimbabwe's street kid population can be expected to grow.
    The GOZ,s handling of street kids (rounding them up and
    shipping them out) is inadequate and myopic, since it does
    not address the root causes for the children's migration.
    Perhaps with outside support, the existing task forces on
    street kids can come up with viable solutions to prevent the
    problem from rising to the level of that seen in other
    countries like Kenya.  Until then, children will take to the
    streets to hustle for a living, either through begging,
    prostitution, or criminal activities, instead of attending
    school and becoming productive members of society.  The
    growing problem will not only increasingly stress the GOZ's
    already overextended social services, but also lead to a
    generational human resources deficit that can potentially
    constrain the country for many years to come.  End Comment.
    SULLIVAN

`