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### Viewing cable 03HARARE1669, Update of Child Labor Information for Zimbabwe

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
03HARARE1669 | 2003-08-25 14:38 | 2011-08-24 16:30 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Harare

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

    251438Z Aug 03

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 HARARE 001669

    SIPDIS

    DOL/ILAB FOR TFAULKNER, DRL/IL FOR MHARPOLE

    ¶E. O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: ELAB ECON ZI
    SUBJECT: Update of Child Labor Information for Zimbabwe

    Ref: a) State 193266

         b) 02 Harare 2293
         c) 02 State 168607

    ¶1.  Summary.  Given the ongoing political, economic, and
    governance crises in Zimbabwe, little attention has been
    paid to elimination of child labor.  Zimbabwe has ratified
    both ILO Convention 138 (Minimum Age Convention)and ILO
    Convention 182 (Convention on the Prohibition and
    Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor), and both
    conventions are supported by existing law.  As stated ref b,
    however, increased enforcement of existing child labor laws
    awaits resources.  One significant development during the
    past year is the passage of the long-awaited Labor Relations
    Amendment Act.  However, although that law does incorporate
    previous statutory rules into the resultant "Labour Act," it
    does little to add any new protection to existing laws
    affecting child labor.  Specific sections of the amended
    Labour Act are cited below.  End Summary.

    --------------------------------------------- ---------
    A: LAWS AND REGULATIONS PROSCRIBING THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD
    LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- ---------

    ¶2.  The previous Section 11 of the Labor Relations Act
    entitled "Contracts by Young Persons" was repealed and
    replaced by the new Section 11 in the Labour Act,
    "Employment of Young Persons."  This section also
    incorporates legislation previously enacted as Statutory
    Instrument 155 of 1999, Employment of Children and Young
    Persons.  Under the law, as amended, a child can work
    between the ages of 13 and 15 as an apprentice or if the
    work is "an integral part of [or in conjunction with] a
    course of training or technical or vocational education."
    The law further states that no person under 18 shall perform
    any work "likely to jeopardize that person's health, safety
    or morals."  The status of children between 15 and 18 years
    of age is not directly addressed, but presumably 15 years of
    age is still the minimum for light work, work other than
    apprenticeship, or work associated with vocational
    education.

    ¶3.  The Labour Act also prohibits forced labor in Section
    4A.  However, the following category is excluded from the
    definition of "forced labor": "(2)(c) any labour required
    from a member of a disciplined force in pursuance of his
    duties as such or any labour required of any person by
    virtue of an enactment in place of service as a member of
    any such force or service..."  Although the legislative
    basis for compulsory service in the National Youth Service
    (see Para 9) is not clear, presumably this section would
    exclude such service from a definition of "forced labor."
    Similarly, the following category is excluded from the
    definition of "forced labor":  "(d) any labour required by
    way of parental discipline."

    --------------------------------------------- ----------
    B: LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE IMPELEMENTATION AND
    ENFORCEMENT OF PROSCRIPTIONS AGAINST THE WORST FORMS OF
    CHILD LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- ----------

    ¶4.  Remedies continue to be applied under existing law,
    since separate legislation to implement ILO Convention 182
    has not been developed.  Under the amended Labour Act,
    persons violating Section 11, Employment of Young Persons,
    "shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not
    exceeding thirty thousand dollars or to imprisonment not
    exceeding two years or to both such fine and such
    imprisonment."  Given the ongoing economic crisis, with
    inflation topping 399.5% and the parallel exchange rate
    running at $5000:$1, a fine of Z$30,000 equals US $6.00 --
    not a great deterrent.  Persons violating Section 4A,
    Prohibition of Forced Labor, "shall be guilty of an offence
    and liable to a fine not exceeding level seven [not defined]
    or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or
    to both such fine and such imprisonment."

    --------------------------------------------- ----------
    C:  FORMAL INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS TO INVESTIGATE AND
    ADDRSS COMPLAINTS RELATING TO THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- ----------

    ¶5.  No new formal institutional mechanisms have been
    established since last year's report.  Complaints regarding
    child labor continue to be handled by the same authority
    which oversees labor inspection as a whole.  This area will
    not improve without targeted legislation and significant new
    resources.

    --------------------------------------------- ------------
    D:  SOCIAL PROGRAMS TO PREVENT THE ENGAGEMENT OF CHILDREN IN
    THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- ------------
    ¶6.  Few new social initiatives to prevent child labor have
    been implemented.  Private education costs have continued to
    spiral out of the reach of even many middle-class families,
    and some poorer families have been forced to take their
    children out of public schools due to prohibitive school
    fees.  Food security and provision of healthcare continue to
    decline, and children continue to be called upon to work in
    support of families devastated by hunger, illness, and
    premature death.  The continuing HIV/AIDS pandemic, with
    approximately 3000 people dying from AIDS-related causes
    each week (2001 estimate), exacerbates the problem.  Some
    children are forced to work as heads-of-household when the
    primary wage-earners succumb to the disease.  Due the
    imposition of a universal AIDS levy on all formal sector
    wage-earners, however, some programs to ease the burdens of
    HIV/AIDS affected children or child-headed households have
    been created.  Monies from the AIDS levy have been allocated
    through the National Aids Council to District Action
    Committees for some specific programs, including:  orphan
    assistance, support for costs of schools (including food,
    shelter and clothing), income generation projects for
    children or orphans of AIDS patients, and research for
    identifying orphan needs and problems.

    --------------------------------------------- -----------
    ¶E.  COMPREHENSIVE POLICY AIMED AT THE ELIMINATION OF THE
    WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- -----------

    ¶7.  Despite continued agreement between the GOZ, labor and
    employers as to the necessity of a comprehensive strategy to
    eliminate the worst forms of child labor, no such policy has
    yet been developed.  Given the complex and interlinked
    crises currently facing Zimbabwe, the resources for
    implementing a comprehensive policy do not exist.

    --------------------------------------------- ------------
    ¶F.  CONTINUAL PROGRESS TOWARD ELIMINATING THE WORST FORMS OF
    CHILD LABOR
    --------------------------------------------- ------------

    ¶8.  There has been no discernible progress on the part of
    the GOZ toward eliminating the worst forms of child labor
    since last year's report (ref b).  Due to the continuing
    economic collapse, as well as the increasing impact of the
    HIV/AIDS mortality rate on family structures, many more
    children are required to work in order to ensure the
    survival of their families.  However, with the exceptionally
    high unemployment rate (currently estimated at over 75%),
    working children continue to compete for formal-sector jobs
    with the adult population.  As a result, most child labor
    occurs in the growing informal sector.  Some working
    children find employment on the remaining commercial
    (primarily horticultural) farms, while most continue to work
    at illegal gold panning, street vending, watching cars for
    tips, begging, collecting firewood, and performing domestic
    or gardening work.  Other work, which may or may not earn
    money, includes herding, working on family garden plots,
    fishing, hunting, providing childcare, or helping in a
    family business.

    ¶9.  Compulsory service in the National Youth Service program
    remains problematic (ref b).  To date, no legal basis for
    the "compulsory" nature of this service has ever been
    articulated.  Currently, it is GOZ policy for the service to
    be considered "compulsory," and while nobody has actually
    been jailed for refusing the service, entrance to most GOZ-
    supported tertiary training programs and the armed and civil
    service now requires a certificate from the training camps.
    One teacher training college in Masvingo was advised last
    year that its new incoming class was to be drawn solely from
    a list of National Youth Service graduates, displacing
    students who had already been admitted.

    ¶10.  Although this service does not arise to the level of
    forced labor as child soldiers, the graduates of Border Gezi-
    style training camps (locally labeled as "Green Bombers")
    have been publicly used as pro-GOZ adjunct militia.  For
    instance, during an opposition-called stayaway in June,
    hundreds of the youths were deployed in Harare in a
    successful bid to prevent opposition supporters from
    gathering for a mass demonstration.  Youth militia members
    have been highly visible in their role as "security" for
    food relief operations and "patrols" during by-elections.
    Many Zimbabwe residents fear the youths, who often travel in
    groups, wearing paramilitary garb, and carrying sticks,
    batons, or sjamboks (whips).  A number of the urban
    residents who were reportedly harassed and beaten during the
    lead-up to the most recent by-elections in Harare indicated
    that Green Bombers were behind the harassment.  While some
    Zimbabweans urge their sons and daughters to avoid the
    compulsory service, others (particularly the more
    impoverished) have supported their children's entrance into
    the training camps in the hopes of better access to GOZ-
    operated university education or civil and military service
    jobs.

    -------
    COMMENT
    -------

    ¶11.  While some progress has been seen in the development of
    programs to support AIDS/HIV affected children, very little
    measurable progress has been made in eliminating the worst
    forms of child labor since last year's report.  As stated
    last year, the problem of child labor has been eclipsed by
    the protracted economic decline in Zimbabwe.  The conclusion
    from last year's report remains applicable:  the GOZ will be
    unable to address the elimination of the worst forms of
    child labor until it is able to alleviate at least some of
    the other interlinked crises currently facing the country.

    Sullivan

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