Currently released so far... 64621 / 251,287

### Articles

Brazil Sri Lanka United Kingdom Sweden 00. Editorial United States Latin America Egypt Jordan Yemen Thailand

### Browse latest releases

2010/11 2010/12 2011/01 2011/02 2011/03 2011/04 2011/05 2011/06 2011/07 2011/08
2010/11/28 2010/11/29 2010/11/30
2010/12/01 2010/12/02 2010/12/03 2010/12/04 2010/12/05 2010/12/06 2010/12/07 2010/12/08 2010/12/09 2010/12/10 2010/12/11 2010/12/12 2010/12/13 2010/12/14 2010/12/15 2010/12/16 2010/12/17 2010/12/18 2010/12/19 2010/12/20 2010/12/21 2010/12/22 2010/12/23 2010/12/25 2010/12/26 2010/12/27 2010/12/28 2010/12/29 2010/12/30
2011/01/01 2011/01/02 2011/01/04 2011/01/05 2011/01/07 2011/01/09 2011/01/11 2011/01/12 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 2011/01/15 2011/01/16 2011/01/17 2011/01/18 2011/01/19 2011/01/20 2011/01/21 2011/01/22 2011/01/23 2011/01/24 2011/01/25 2011/01/26 2011/01/27 2011/01/28 2011/01/29 2011/01/30 2011/01/31
2011/02/01 2011/02/02 2011/02/03 2011/02/04 2011/02/05 2011/02/06 2011/02/07 2011/02/08 2011/02/09 2011/02/10 2011/02/11 2011/02/12 2011/02/13 2011/02/14 2011/02/15 2011/02/16 2011/02/17 2011/02/18 2011/02/19 2011/02/20 2011/02/21 2011/02/22 2011/02/23 2011/02/24 2011/02/25 2011/02/26 2011/02/27 2011/02/28
2011/03/01 2011/03/02 2011/03/03 2011/03/04 2011/03/05 2011/03/06 2011/03/07 2011/03/08 2011/03/09 2011/03/10 2011/03/11 2011/03/13 2011/03/14 2011/03/15 2011/03/16 2011/03/17 2011/03/18 2011/03/19 2011/03/20 2011/03/21 2011/03/22 2011/03/23 2011/03/24 2011/03/25 2011/03/26 2011/03/27 2011/03/28 2011/03/29 2011/03/30 2011/03/31
2011/04/01 2011/04/02 2011/04/03 2011/04/04 2011/04/05 2011/04/06 2011/04/07 2011/04/08 2011/04/09 2011/04/10 2011/04/11 2011/04/12 2011/04/13 2011/04/14 2011/04/15 2011/04/16 2011/04/17 2011/04/18 2011/04/19 2011/04/20 2011/04/21 2011/04/22 2011/04/23 2011/04/24 2011/04/25 2011/04/26 2011/04/27 2011/04/28 2011/04/29 2011/04/30
2011/05/01 2011/05/02 2011/05/03 2011/05/04 2011/05/05 2011/05/06 2011/05/07 2011/05/08 2011/05/09 2011/05/10 2011/05/11 2011/05/12 2011/05/13 2011/05/14 2011/05/15 2011/05/16 2011/05/17 2011/05/18 2011/05/19 2011/05/20 2011/05/21 2011/05/22 2011/05/23 2011/05/24 2011/05/25 2011/05/26 2011/05/27 2011/05/28 2011/05/29 2011/05/30 2011/05/31
2011/06/01 2011/06/02 2011/06/03 2011/06/04 2011/06/05 2011/06/06 2011/06/07 2011/06/08 2011/06/09 2011/06/10 2011/06/11 2011/06/12 2011/06/13 2011/06/14 2011/06/15 2011/06/16 2011/06/17 2011/06/18 2011/06/19 2011/06/20 2011/06/21 2011/06/22 2011/06/23 2011/06/24 2011/06/25 2011/06/26 2011/06/27 2011/06/28 2011/06/29 2011/06/30
2011/07/01 2011/07/02 2011/07/04 2011/07/05 2011/07/06 2011/07/07 2011/07/08 2011/07/10 2011/07/11 2011/07/12 2011/07/13 2011/07/14 2011/07/15 2011/07/16 2011/07/17 2011/07/18 2011/07/19 2011/07/20 2011/07/21 2011/07/22 2011/07/23 2011/07/25 2011/07/27 2011/07/28 2011/07/29 2011/07/31
2011/08/01 2011/08/02 2011/08/03 2011/08/05 2011/08/06 2011/08/07 2011/08/08 2011/08/09 2011/08/10 2011/08/11 2011/08/12 2011/08/13 2011/08/15 2011/08/16 2011/08/17 2011/08/18 2011/08/19 2011/08/21 2011/08/22 2011/08/23 2011/08/24

### Browse by creation date

66 72 73 75 79 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
1966/12
1972/02 1972/03 1972/08
1973/04 1973/10
1975/03
1979/08
1985/01 1985/02 1985/03 1985/05 1985/06 1985/10
1986/02 1986/05 1986/08 1986/09 1986/11 1986/12
1987/04 1987/06 1987/09 1987/12
1988/01 1988/03 1988/04 1988/07 1988/08 1988/09 1988/10 1988/11 1988/12
1989/01 1989/03 1989/04 1989/06 1989/09 1989/11 1989/12
1990/01 1990/02 1990/03 1990/07 1990/08 1990/10 1990/11 1990/12
1991/01 1991/03 1991/05 1991/06 1991/07 1991/08 1991/09 1991/11
1992/01 1992/03 1992/06 1992/07 1992/09 1992/11 1992/12
1993/01 1993/02 1993/04 1993/07 1993/10 1993/12
1994/05 1994/06 1994/08 1994/11 1994/12
1995/01 1995/04 1995/06 1995/08 1995/09 1995/10 1995/11
1996/07 1996/08 1996/09 1996/11
1997/01 1997/02 1997/03 1997/05 1997/06 1997/08 1997/10 1997/11 1997/12
1998/02 1998/05 1998/07 1998/08 1998/11 1998/12
1999/01 1999/09 1999/10 1999/11 1999/12
2000/04 2000/05 2000/06 2000/07 2000/08 2000/09 2000/10 2000/11 2000/12
2001/01 2001/02 2001/03 2001/04 2001/05 2001/06 2001/07 2001/08 2001/09 2001/10 2001/11 2001/12
2002/01 2002/02 2002/03 2002/04 2002/05 2002/06 2002/07 2002/08 2002/09 2002/10 2002/11 2002/12
2003/01 2003/02 2003/03 2003/04 2003/05 2003/06 2003/07 2003/08 2003/09 2003/10 2003/11 2003/12
2004/01 2004/02 2004/03 2004/04 2004/05 2004/06 2004/07 2004/08 2004/09 2004/10 2004/11 2004/12
2005/01 2005/02 2005/03 2005/04 2005/05 2005/06 2005/07 2005/08 2005/09 2005/10 2005/11 2005/12
2006/01 2006/02 2006/03 2006/04 2006/05 2006/06 2006/07 2006/08 2006/09 2006/10 2006/11 2006/12
2007/01 2007/02 2007/03 2007/04 2007/05 2007/06 2007/07 2007/08 2007/09 2007/10 2007/11 2007/12
2008/01 2008/02 2008/03 2008/04 2008/05 2008/06 2008/07 2008/08 2008/09 2008/10 2008/11 2008/12
2009/01 2009/02 2009/03 2009/04 2009/05 2009/06 2009/07 2009/08 2009/09 2009/10 2009/11 2009/12
2010/01 2010/02

### Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z
Embassy Athens Embassy Asuncion Embassy Astana Embassy Asmara Embassy Ashgabat Embassy Apia Embassy Antananarivo Embassy Ankara Embassy Amman Embassy Algiers Embassy Addis Ababa Embassy Accra Embassy Abuja Embassy Abu Dhabi Embassy Abidjan Consulate Auckland Consulate Amsterdam Consulate Alexandria Consulate Adana American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn Embassy Bujumbura Embassy Buenos Aires Embassy Budapest Embassy Bucharest Embassy Brussels Embassy Bridgetown Embassy Brazzaville Embassy Bratislava Embassy Brasilia Embassy Bogota Embassy Bishkek Embassy Bern Embassy Berlin Embassy Belmopan Embassy Belgrade Embassy Beirut Embassy Beijing Embassy Banjul Embassy Bangui Embassy Bangkok Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan Embassy Bamako Embassy Baku Embassy Baghdad Consulate Belfast Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou Embassy Copenhagen Embassy Conakry Embassy Colombo Embassy Chisinau Embassy Caracas Embassy Canberra Embassy Cairo Consulate Curacao Consulate Ciudad Juarez Consulate Chiang Mai Consulate Chennai Consulate Chengdu Consulate Casablanca Consulate Cape Town Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe Embassy Dublin Embassy Doha Embassy Djibouti Embassy Dili Embassy Dhaka Embassy Dar Es Salaam Embassy Damascus Embassy Dakar DIR FSINFATC Consulate Dusseldorf Consulate Durban Consulate Dubai Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Freetown Consulate Fukuoka Consulate Frankfurt
Embassy Guatemala Embassy Grenada Embassy Georgetown Embassy Gaborone Consulate Guayaquil Consulate Guangzhou Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki Embassy Harare Embassy Hanoi Consulate Hong Kong Consulate Ho Chi Minh City Consulate Hermosillo Consulate Hamilton Consulate Hamburg Consulate Halifax
Iran RPO Dubai Embassy Islamabad Consulate Izmir Consulate Istanbul
Embassy Jakarta Consulate Johannesburg Consulate Jerusalem Consulate Jeddah
Embassy Kyiv Embassy Kuwait Embassy Kuala Lumpur Embassy Kolonia Embassy Kinshasa Embassy Kingston Embassy Kigali Embassy Khartoum Embassy Kathmandu Embassy Kampala Embassy Kabul Consulate Krakow Consulate Kolkata Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg Embassy Lusaka Embassy Luanda Embassy London Embassy Lome Embassy Ljubljana Embassy Lisbon Embassy Lima Embassy Lilongwe Embassy Libreville Embassy La Paz Consulate Leipzig Consulate Lahore Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE Mission USNATO Mission UNESCO Mission Geneva Embassy Muscat Embassy Moscow Embassy Montevideo Embassy Monrovia Embassy Mogadishu Embassy Minsk Embassy Mexico Embassy Mbabane Embassy Maseru Embassy Maputo Embassy Manila Embassy Manama Embassy Managua Embassy Malabo Embassy Madrid Consulate Munich Consulate Mumbai Consulate Montreal Consulate Monterrey Consulate Milan Consulate Merida Consulate Melbourne Consulate Matamoros Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott Embassy Nicosia Embassy Niamey Embassy New Delhi Embassy Ndjamena Embassy Nassau Embassy Nairobi Consulate Nuevo Laredo Consulate Naples Consulate Naha Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Ouagadougou Embassy Ottawa Embassy Oslo
Embassy Pristina Embassy Pretoria Embassy Praia Embassy Prague Embassy Port Of Spain Embassy Port Moresby Embassy Port Louis Embassy Port Au Prince Embassy Podgorica Embassy Phnom Penh Embassy Paris Embassy Paramaribo Embassy Panama Consulate Peshawar
Embassy Quito Consulate Quebec
REO Mosul REO Kirkuk REO Hillah REO Basrah Embassy Rome Embassy Riyadh Embassy Riga Embassy Reykjavik Embassy Rangoon Embassy Rabat Consulate Rio De Janeiro Consulate Recife
Secretary of State Embassy Suva Embassy Stockholm Embassy Sofia Embassy Skopje Embassy Singapore Embassy Seoul Embassy Sarajevo Embassy Santo Domingo Embassy Santiago Embassy Sanaa Embassy San Salvador Embassy San Jose Consulate Surabaya Consulate Strasbourg Consulate St Petersburg Consulate Shenyang Consulate Shanghai Consulate Sapporo Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis Embassy Tripoli Embassy Tokyo Embassy Tirana Embassy The Hague Embassy Tel Aviv Embassy Tehran Embassy Tegucigalpa Embassy Tbilisi Embassy Tashkent Embassy Tallinn Consulate Toronto Consulate Tijuana Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York USMISSION USTR GENEVA USEU Brussels US Office Almaty US Mission Geneva US Mission CD Geneva US Interests Section Havana US Delegation, Secretary US Delegation FEST TWO UNVIE UN Rome Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius Embassy Vientiane Embassy Vienna Embassy Vatican Embassy Valletta Consulate Vladivostok Consulate Vancouver
Embassy Windhoek Embassy Wellington Embassy Warsaw
Embassy Yerevan Embassy Yaounde Consulate Yekaterinburg
Embassy Zagreb

### Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
AMGT ASEC AEMR AR APECO AU AORC AS ADANA AJ AF AFIN AMED AM ABLD AFFAIRS AMB APER ACOA AG AA AE ABUD ARABL AO AND ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG AID AL ASCH AADP AORD ADM AINF AINT ASEAN AORG AY ABT ARF AGOA AVIAN APEC ANET AGIT ASUP ATRN ASECVE ALOW AODE AGUILAR AN ADB ASIG ADPM AT ACABQ AGR ASPA AFSN AZ AC ALZUGUREN ANGEL AIAG AFSI ASCE ABMC ANTONIO AIDS ASEX ADIP ALJAZEERA AFGHANISTAN ASECARP AROC ASE ABDALLAH ADCO AMGMT AMCHAMS AGAO ACOTA ANARCHISTS AMEDCASCKFLO AK ARSO ARABBL ASO ANTITERRORISM AGRICULTURE AFINM AOCR ARR AFPK ASSEMBLY AORCYM AINR ACKM AGMT AEC APRC AIN AFPREL ASFC ASECTH AFSA ANTXON AFAF AFARI AX AMER ASECAF ASECAFIN AFZAL APCS AGUIRRE AIT ARCH AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL AOPC AMEX ARM ALI AQ ATFN AMBASSADOR AORCD AVIATION ARAS AINFCY ACBAQ AOPR AREP ALEXANDER AMTC AOIC ABLDG ASEK AER ALOUNI AMCT AVERY APR AMAT AEMRS AFU AMG ATPDEA ALL AORL ACS AECL AUC ACAO
BA BR BB BG BEXP BY BRUSSELS BU BD BTIO BK BL BO BE BMGT BM BN BWC BBSR BTT BX BC BH BEN BUSH BF BHUM BILAT BT BTC BMENA BBG BOND BAGHDAD BAIO BP BRPA BURNS BUT BGMT BCW BOEHNER BOL BASHAR BOU BIDEN BTRA BFIN BOIKO BZ BERARDUCCI BOUCHAIB BEXPC BTIU
CPAS CA CASC CS CBW CIDA CO CODEL CI CROS CU CH CWC CMGT CVIS CDG CTR CG CF CD CHIEF CJAN CBSA CE CY CB CW CM CDC COUNTRY CLEARANCE CHR CT COE CV COUNTER CN CPUOS CTERR CVR CVPR COUNTRYCLEARANCE CLOK CONS CITES COM CONTROLS CAN CACS CR CACM CVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGKIRF COMMERCE CAMBODIA CZ CJ CFIS CASCC COUNTERTERRORISM CAS CONDOLEEZZA CLINTON CTBT CEN CRISTINA CFED CARC CTM CARICOM CSW CICTE CJUS CYPRUS CNARC CBE CMGMT CARSON CWCM CIVS CENTCOM COPUOS CAPC CGEN CKGR CITEL CQ CITT CIC CARIB CVIC CAFTA CVISU CHRISTOPHER CDB CEDAW CNC COMMAND CENTER COL CAJC CUIS CONSULAR CLMT CBC CIA CIS CEUDA CHINA CAC CL
DR DJ DEMOCRATIC DEMARCHE DA DOMESTIC DISENGAGEMENT DRL DB DE DHS DAO DCM DHSX DARFUR DAVID DO DEAX DEFENSE DEA DTRO DPRK DARFR DOC DK DTRA DAC DOD DIEZ DMINE DRC DCG DPKO DOT DEPT DOE DS DKEM
ECON ETTC EFIS ETRD EC EMIN EAGR EAID EFIN EUN ECIN EG EWWT EINV ENRG ELAB EPET EIND EN EAIR EUMEM ECPS ES EI ELTN ET EZ EU ER EINT ENGR ECONOMIC ENIV EK EFTA ETRN EMS EPA ESTH ENRGMO EET EEB EXIM ECTRD ELNT ETRA ENV EAG EREL ENVIRONMENT ECA EAP ECONOMY EINDIR EDUARDO ETR EUREM ELECTIONS ETRC EICN EXPORT EMED EARG EGHG EINF ECIP EID ETRO EAIDHO EENV EURM EPEC ERNG ENERG EIAD EAGER EXBS ED ELAM EWT ENGRD ERIN ECO EDEV ECE ECPSN ENGY EL EXIMOPIC ETRDEC ECCT EINVECON EUR ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID EFI ECOSOC EXTERNAL ESCAP EITC ETCC EENG ERA ENRD EBRD ENVR ETRAD EPIN ECONENRG EDRC ETMIN ELTNSNAR ECHEVARRIA ELAP EPIT EDUC ESA EAIDXMXAXBXFFR EETC EIVN EBEXP ESTN EGOV ECOM EAIDRW ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS ETRDGK ENVI ELN EPRT EPCS EPTED ERTD EUM EAIDS ETRB EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM EDU EV EAIDAF EDA EINTECPS EGAD EPREL EINVEFIN ECLAC EUCOM ECCP ELDIN EIDN EINVKSCA ENNP EFINECONCS EFINTS ETC EAIRASECCASCID EINN ETRP EFQ ECOQKPKO EGPHUM EBUD ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ ECPC ECONOMICS ENERGY EIAR EINDETRD ECONEFIN ECOWAS EURN ETRDEINVTINTCS EFIM ETIO EATO EIPR EINVETC ETTD ETDR EIQ ECONCS ENRGIZ EAC ESPINOSA EAIG ENTG EUC ERD EINVECONSENVCSJA EEPET EUNCH ESENV ECINECONCS ETRDECONWTOCS ECUN
FR FI FOREIGN FARM FAO FK FCSC FREEDOM FARC FAS FJ FIN FINANCE FAC FBI FTAA FM FCS FAA FETHI FRB FRANCISCO FORCE FTA FT FMGT FCSCEG FDA FERNANDO FINR FIR FDIC FOR FOI FKLU FO FMLN FISO
GM GERARD GT GA GG GR GTIP GB GH GZ GV GE GAZA GY GJ GEORGE GOI GCC GMUS GI GABY GLOBAL GUAM GC GOMEZ GUTIERREZ GL GOV GKGIC GF GU GWI GARCIA GTMO GANGS GIPNC GAERC GREGG GUILLERMO GASPAR
HA HYMPSK HO HK HUMAN HR HU HN HHS HIV HURI HDP HUD HUMRIT HSWG HUMANITARIAN HIGHLIGHTS HUM HUMANR HL HILLARY HSTC HCOPIL HADLEY HOURANI HARRIET HESHAM HI HNCHR HEBRON HUMOR
IZ IN IAEA IS IMO ILO IR IC IT ITU ID IV IMF IBRD IWC ICAO INF ICRC IO IPR IRAQI ISO IK ISRAELI IDB INFLUENZA IRAQ INL IQ ICES IRMO IRAN ISCON IGAD ITALY INTERNAL ILC ISSUES ICCAT IADB ICTY ICTR ITPGOV ITALIAN IQNV IRDB INMARSAT INCB INRB ICJ ISRAEL INR IFO ITRA IEA ISPA IOM ITRD IL IHO IFAD IPROP IDLI ISCA INV IBB ISPL INRA INTELSAT ISAF IRS IEF ITER ISAAC ICC INDO IIP IATTC IND INS IZPREL IAHRC IEFIN IACI INNP IA INTERPOL IFIN IRAJ IX IF ITPHUM ITA IP IZEAID IRPE IDA ISLAMISTS ITF INRO IBET IDP IRC
JA JM JO JCIC JKJUS JP JK JOSEPH JOSE JAPAN JOHN JE JS JUS JN JOHNNIE JKUS JAMES JML JAWAD JIMENEZ
KMDR KPAO KOMC KNNP KFLO KDEM KSUM KIPR KFLU KE KCRM KJUS KAWC KZ KSCA KDRG KCOR KGHG KPAL KTIP KMCA KCRS KPKO KOLY KRVC KVPR KG KWBG KTER KS KN KSPR KWMN KV KTFN KFRD KU KSTC KSTH KISL KGIC KAPO KSEP KDP KFIN KTEX KTIA KUNR KCMR KCIP KMOC KTDB KBIO KMPI KSAF KFEM KUNC KPRV KIRC KACT KRMS KNPT KMFO KHIV KHLS KPWR KCFE KREC KRIM KHDP KVIR KNNNP KCEM KIRF KGIT KLIG KNUP KSAC KNUC KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KTBT KSCI KIDE KPGOV KLPM KTDD KOCI KNNC KOMS KBCT KLFU KLAB KSEO KICC KJUST KUWAIT KSEC KUK KEDEM KJRE KMRS KSRE KREISLER KSCS KPIR KPOA KESS KCOM KWIR KIVP KRCM KGLB KPOW KPOL KSEAO KNAP KCUL KPREL KREF KPRP KICA KPMI KPRM KQ KPOP KFSC KPFO KPALAOIS KRM KBWG KCORR KVRC KR KFTN KTTB KNAR KINR KWN KCSY KIIP KPRO KREL KFPC KW KWM KRFD KFLOA KMCC KIND KNEP KHUM KSKN KT KOMO KDRL KTFIN KSOC KPO KGIV KSTCPL KSI KNNB KNDP KICCPUR KDMR KFCE KIMMITT KMNP KOMCSG KGCC KRAD KCRP KAUST KWAWC KCHG KRDP KPAS KITA KMSG KTIAPARM KPAOPREL KWGB KIRP KMIG KSEI KLSO KWNN KHSA KCRIM KNPP KPAONZ KWWW KGHA KY KCRCM KGCN KPLS KPAOY KRIF KTRD KTAO KJU KBTS KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW KO KEMR KENV KEAI KWAC KFIU KWIC KNNO KPAI KTBD KILS KPA KRCS KWBGSY KNPPIS KNNPMNUC KERG KLTN KLIP KTLA KAWK KVRP KAID KX KWCI KNPR KCFC KNEI KFTFN KTFM KCERS KDEMAF KMEPI KEMS KDRM KBTR KEDU KIRL KNNR KMPT KPDD KPIN KDEV KAKA KFRP KINL KWWMN KWBC KA KOM KWNM KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KRGY KNNF KICR KIFR KWMNCS KPAK KDDG KCGC KID KNSD KMPF KWMM
LY LE LABOR LH LN LO LAB LT LAURA LTTE LG LU LI LA LB LOTT LORAN LAW LVPR LARREA LEBIK LS LOVE LR LEON LAVIN LOG
MU MARR MX MASS MOPS MNUC MCAP MTCRE MRCRE MTRE MASC MY MK MDC MG MO MEPN MW MILI MCC MR MEDIA MZ MEPP MOPPS MA MAS MI MP MIL MV MC MD MCA MT MARITIME MOPSGRPARM MAAR MOROCCO MCAPS MOOPS ML MN MEPI MNUCPTEREZ MTCR MUNC MPOS MONUC MAR MGMT MENDIETA MARIA MONTENEGRO MURRAY MOTO MACP MINUSTAH MCCONNELL MGT MARQUEZ MANUEL MNUR MF MOHAMMAD MAPP MOHAMED MNU MFA MTS MLS MIAH MEETINGS MERCOSUR MED MARAD MNVC MINURSO MIK MARK MBM MILITARY MAPS MILA MACEDONIA MICHEL MASSMNUC MUCN MQADHAFI MPS MARRGH
NZ NATO NI NO NU NG NL NPT NS NP NA NASA NSF NTTC NAS NEA NANCY NSG NRR NATIONAL NKNNP NMNUC NSC NC NE NR NARC NGO NELSON NATEU NDP NIH NK NIPP NERG NSSP NSFO NATSIOS NFSO NTDB NT NCD NEGROPONTE NATOIRAQ NAR NZUS NCCC NH NAFTA NEW NRG NUIN NOVO NATOPREL NEY NV NICHOLAS NPA NW NORAD NPG NOAA
OPRC OPDC OTRA OECD OVIP OREP ODC OIIP OAS OSCE OPIC OMS OIC OFDA OEXC OFDP OPCW OCED OIE OSCI OM OPAD ODIP OPCD OCII ORUE ODPC OPPI ORA OCEA OREG OUALI OMIG ODAG OPREP OFFICIALS OSAC OEXP OPEC OFPD OMAR ORC OAU OPDP OIL OVIPPRELUNGANU OSHA OTRD OPCR OF OFDPQIS OSIC OHUM OTR OBSP OGAC OTRAORP OESC OVP ON OES OTAR OCS
PREL PGOV PARM PINR PHUM PM PREF PTER PK PINS PBIO PHSA PE PBTS PA PL POL PAK POV POLITICS POLICY PROP PRELTBIOBA PKO PO PIN PNAT PU PHAM PALESTINIAN PTERPGOV PGOVPREL PKPA PHYTRP PP PTEL PREC PENA PRM PELOSI PAS PRELAF PRE PUNE PSOE POLM PRELKPAO PIRF PGPV PARMP PRELL PVOV PROV POLUN PS PHUMPTER PROG PRELGOV PERSONS PERURENA PKK PRGOV PH POLITICAL PLAB PDEM PCI PRL PREM PINSO PEREZ PPAO PERM PETR PERL PBS PGOVZI PINT PARMS PCON PETERS PRELBR PMIL PSOCI PF PLO PNUM PTERM PJUS PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PAO PTBS PROTECTION PRELPK PGOVENRG PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PARTIES PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PAIGH PARK PETER PPREL PTERPREL PHUS PKPO PGOVECON POUS PMAR PWBG PAR PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PTE PY PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PGOVPM PRELEVU PGOR PRELKPAOIZ PBTSRU PGVO PHUMR PPD PGV PRAM PINL PSI PKPAL PPA PTERE PGOF PINO PREO PHAS PRHUM PHUMA PGO PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PEDRO PASS PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PHUMPREL PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PAHO PHUMPGOV PGOC PNR
QA QI QT QM QADRI
RS RP RU RW RFE RCMP RIGHTSPOLMIL REFORM RO REACTION REPORT ROW ROBERT REL RIGHTS RA RELATIONS REGION RAFAEL REGIONAL RAY ROBERTG RPREL RAMONTEIJELO RM RATIFICATION RREL RBI RICE ROOD RODENAS RUIZ RELFREE RODHAM RGY RUEHZO RELIGIOUS RODRIGUEZ RUEUN RELAM RSP RF REO ROSS RENE RUPREL RI REMON RPEL RSO
SCUL SENV SOCI SZ SNAR SO SP SU SY SMIG SYR SA SW SG SF SR SYRIA SNARM SPECIALIST START SNIG SCI SI SGWI SE SIPDIS SANC SADC SELAB SN SETTLEMENTS SENVENV SCIENCE SENS SPCE SENC SCOM SPAS SECURITY SL SOCIETY SOSI SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR SEN SPECI ST SENVCASCEAIDID SC SECRETARY STR SNA SOCIS SEP SK SHUM SYAI SMIL STEPHEN SNRV SKCA SENSITIVE SECI SCUD SCRM SGNV SECTOR SAARC SENVSXE SASIAIN SWMN STEINBERG SOPN SOCR SCRS SILVASANDE SWE SARS SNARIZ SUDAN SENVQGR SNARKTFN SAAD SD SAN SIPRNET SM STATE SFNV SSA SPCVIS SOFA SCULKPAOECONTU SPTER SKSAF SENVKGHG SHI SEVN SPSTATE SMITH SH SNARCS SNARN SIPRS
TBIO TW TRGY TSPA TU TPHY TI TX TH TIP TC TSPL TNGD TS TZ TP TK TURKEY TERRORISM TPSL TINT TRSY TERFIN TPP TT TF TECHNOLOGY TE TAGS TECH TRAFFICKING TN TJ TL TO TD TREATY TR TA TIO THPY TPSA TRAD TNDG TVBIO TWI TV TWL TWRO TAUSCHER TRBY TSPAM TREL TRT TNAR TFIN TPHYPA TWCH THOMMA THOMAS TERROR TRY TBID
UK UNESCO UNSC UNGA UN US UZ USEU UG UP UNAUS UNMIK USTR UY UNSCD USUN UV UNDC UNRWA UNPUOS USAID UNSCR UNODC UNHCR UNRCR UNDP UNCRIME UA UNHRC UNEP UNBRO UNCSD UNO UNCND UNCHR USTRUWR USAU UNICEF UNCC USPS UNOMIG UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV UNFICYP UR UNAMA UNCITRAL UNVIE USTDA USNC USTRPS USCC UNEF UNGAPL UNSCE USSC UEU UNMIC UNTAC USDA UNCLASSIFIED UNA UNCTAD UNMOVIC USGS UNFPA UNSE USOAS USG UE UAE UNWRA UNION UNCSW UNCHS UNDESCO UNC UB UNSCS UKXG UNGACG UNHR USPTO UNCHC UNFCYP UNIDROIT
VM VE VT VZ VN VEPREL VEN VTPREL VC VIP VTEG VOA VTEAID VTIZ VISIT VO VENZ VAT VI
WHTI WIPO WTRO WHO WI WFP WHA WTO WMO WEET WZ WBG WS WE WA WEF WAKI WILLIAM WHOA WSIS WCI WCL WMN WEBZ WW WWBG WMD WWT WWARD WITH WMDT WTRQ WCO WALTER WEU WB WBEG
XA XX XW XK XL XM XS XF XG XT XY XR XH XB XO XD XV XI XE XC XJ XU XZ XQ XP XFNEA XTAG
YM YI YE YMOEXC YL YMCS YOUSSEF
ZI ZU ZM ZK ZL ZP ZOELLICK ZF ZR ZA ZCTU ZO ZIM ZANU ZJ ZB ZN ZH ZT ZFR ZEALAND ZW ZXA

### Browse by classification

CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL//NOFORN SECRET SECRET//NOFORN UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

### Community resources

Follow us on Twitter Check our Reddit Twitter this Digg this page Contact us on IRC

courage is contagious

### Viewing cable 04MADRID763, OPPORTUNITIES IN SPAIN'S GROWING ENERGY MARKET

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:

- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.

To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #04MADRID763.

Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
04MADRID763 | 2004-03-05 16:41 | 2011-08-24 16:30 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Madrid

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 MADRID 000763

    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: ENRG BTIO EPET SP
    SUBJECT: OPPORTUNITIES IN SPAIN'S GROWING ENERGY MARKET

    REF: 2003 MADRID 1079

    ¶1.  SUMMARY:  Since joining the EU in 1986, Spain has
    experienced dramatic industrialization and economic
    development.  Along with development, energy consumption has
    skyrocketed and shows no sign of abating.  These developments
    bring challenges for a country that is now emitting
    greenhouse gasses more than its Kyoto commitments permit, and
    exceeding EU pollution emissions limits.  Spain has an
    ambitious but likely untenable plan for meeting the EU
    requirement to supply 12 percent of its energy needs through
    renewables by 2010, and will increasingly rely on natural gas
    imports as a relatively clean and inexpensive energy source.
    There are opportunities for US business to enter the Spanish
    energy market in such areas as gas, combined cycle generation
    and renewables, although experience to date suggests it may
    be advantageous to start small and learn the ropes, meet
    niche market demand, or enter into joint ventures with local
    companies rather than go it alone.  END SUMMARY.

    ¶2.  Spain's economy continues to be one of the most dynamic
    in the European Union, growing an average of 3.5 percent over
    the past six years.  Spain's demand for energy has grown even
    faster at an average rate of 4.5 percent per year between
    1998 and 2002, with electrical demand increasing at a
    particularly rapid rate of 6 percent per year.  Growth in
    total energy demand is expected continue at 3.5 percent
    annually over the next decade.  Spain is attempting to
    increase capacity to meet current and future demand through a
    combination of sources, including new natural gas pipelines
    from Africa and construction of combined-cycle electric
    generation facilities, while attempting to mitigate emissions
    increases through significant investment in alternative
    energy sources, especially wind power.

    Following is an overview of the energy market and suggestions
    for U.S. companies wishing to take advantage of significant
    opportunities.

    ENERGY LIBERALIZATION AHEAD OF SCHEDULE

    ¶3.  Spain is implementing deregulation faster than most other
    EU countries.  Spain has adopted legislation to allow
    third-party access to the power network, and scheduled full
    liberalization of the energy market through various phases by
    ¶2013.  So far, the primary benefit of liberalization is
    consumer choice among energy providers.  To date, price-based
    competition has been minimal.

    ¶4.  Under a June 2000 law, Spain commenced separation of
    transmission, generation and distribution functions, and
    opened the energy grid to other suppliers several years
    before EU initiatives began forcing changes.  The oil,
    natural gas, and electricity markets have been key
    liberalization targets during the Aznar administration.  In
    the petroleum market, former government-owned Repsol was
    privatized in 1997 and is now Repsol-YPF (following a merger
    with Argentine company YPF).  It has reduced ownership from
    62% to around 26% in Compania Logistica de Hidrocarburos
    (CLH), the petroleum distribution company.  In natural gas,
    the market for industrial customers was partially opened in
    2000, and in 2002 the dominant conglomerate, Gas Natural
    Group, reduced its interest from 100% to 35% in the
    distribution company, Enegas.  Spain's largest electricity
    utility, Endesa, was privatized in June 1998.  Customers may
    now select their electricity supplier, and Spain has recently
    signed a pact with Portugal to form a single power market.
    As liberalization continues, and competitive forces
    strengthen in the energy sector, US business may find a
    myriad of opportunities for penetrating the Spanish energy
    market.

    NATURAL GAS

    ¶5.  By 2010, the International Energy Association (IEA)
    anticipates that over 24 percent of Spain's electricity will
    be generated from natural gas.  This is up from 9.2 percent
    in 1999, and only one percent in 1990.  In 2003, natural gas
    accounted for 14% of the energy consumed in Spain.  In real
    terms, natural gas consumption is skyrocketing, with around
    1.7 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) used in 1985, 10
    Mtoe in 1999, and 13.5 Mtoe expected for 2010.

    ¶6.  Although virtually all natural gas must be imported, its
    increased use may enable Spain to reduce its greenhouse gas
    emissions.  Spain has historically imported its natural gas
    from Algeria and Norway.  Libya has also been an important
    source.  Nigeria and Trinidad & Tobago are becoming major
    suppliers.

    ¶7.  The Pedro Duran Farell pipeline connects Algerian natural
    gas supplies with the Iberian Peninsula, passing through
    Morocco and into Spain via the Strait of Gibraltar.  Spain is
    also connected to European supplies through the
    Lacq-Calahorra pipeline that runs from France.  The planned
    MEDGAZ pipeline will link the Algerian supply directly with
    Spain.  MEDGAZ partners include Sonatrach (Algeria's national
    oil company), Spanish companies CEPSA, ENDESA, and Iberdrola,
    BP, TOTAL, and Gaz de France.  With the new pipeline, imports
    from Algeria are projected to supply 60% of Spain's natural
    gas demand, but given the supply diversification strategies
    of the major players, this will actually signify a reduction
    in Algeria's share of the market.

    ¶8.  Gas Natural is the leading natural gas conglomerate in
    Spain.  During the first quarter of 2002, Gas Natural
    maintained a 72 percent share of the liberalized gas market
    and gained a 4 percent share of the electricity market.

    ¶9.  The US company AES, after years of regulatory delays, is
    constructing a 400 MW combined cycle facility in Cartegena,
    which is estimated to contribute over 500 jobs and more than
    $1 billion to the local economy.

    PETROLEUM

    ¶10.  Oil plays a vital but decreasing role in Spain.  The IEA
    estimates that by 2010, only 7.6 percent of electricity will
    be generated from oil, down from 11.8 percent in 1999.
    Industrial and residential demand for oil is predicted to
    remain level while demand from the transportation industry
    will continue to grow for several years before leveling off.

    ¶11.  The petroleum market is dominated by
    vertically-integrated REPSOL-YPF which provides over 50% of
    Spain's petroleum, although Cepsa and BP have significant
    interests as well.  Almost all oil is imported, with Nigeria,
    Libya, Saudi Arabia and Algeria being primary sources.
    Repsol-YPF also continues to invest heavily overseas.  In the
    last year, Repsol-YPF has announced major new projects in
    Venezuela, Iran and Libya, in addition to its enormous
    investment in Argentina.

    NUCLEAR ENERGY

    ¶12.  The IEA estimates that by 2010, 24.4 percent of Spain's
    electricity will be generated from nuclear energy.  This is
    down from 28.5 in 1999 and 35.9 in 1990.  Majority or total
    ownership of all nine nuclear facilities is held by large
    Spanish energy companies Union Fenosa, Iberdrola, and Endesa.
     The plants, built from 1971-1988, have the capacity to
    generate 7,897 megavolts.

    ¶13.  A political moratorium on construction of new nuclear
    power plants was established in 1984 under the Socialist
    government, and not challenged by the current center-right
    government.  The government plans to maintain the number of
    licenses until 2012, and will only close individual plants if
    they outlive their usefulness.  However, because of Kyoto
    commitments, some believe the GOS may move towards a new
    program if the incumbent Popular Party carries the March 2004
    general elections.  The opposition PSOE has called for a
    formal nuclear moratorium within five years.  The Spanish
    public is not mobilized against nuclear energy, although
    groups such as Greenpeace have occasionally "tested" NPP
    security measures by trying to breach facilities and have
    protested against alleged safety deficiencies.

    COAL

    ¶14.  The leading producers of hard coal in Spain are
    state-owned Hunosa and privatized Encasur, while Endesa is
    the leading producer of lignite.  The United States is a
    major exporter of coal to Spain.  The IEA estimates that by
    2010, 14.2 percent of Spain's electricity will be generated
    from coal, down from 36.6 percent in 1999 and 40.1 percent in
    ¶1990.  However, in real terms, coal consumption is expected
    to increase slightly over the next few years, before leveling
    off.

    ¶15.  Spain's coal costs far more than current world market
    prices.  A traditionally protected industry, some energy
    experts claim that Spain could save money by eliminating
    subsidies, shutting down the mines, and giving all current
    miners lifelong pensions.  But political factors would make a
    total shutdown difficult.  Coal production has been a
    significant industry in the northern coal-producing regions
    of the country, which are suffering from high unemployment.
    Rather than cutting production drastically and facing
    radically higher unemployment, Spain has initiated a program
    to wean domestic coal mining from subsidies and face world
    market conditions.

    HYDRO

    ¶16.  According to the IEA, 14.7 percent of Spain's
    electricity will be generated from hydropower by 2010.
    Although it is anticipated that hydropower will produce 50%
    more power in 2010 than in 1999, its proportional share of
    total energy transformation to electricity will increase only
    3.6% largely due to the anticipated stronger increase in
    utilization of natural gas.

    ¶17.  Large-scale hydroelectric production is expected to
    decrease from 2.645 Mtoe in 1998 to 2.121 Mtoe in 2010.
    Recouping that loss will be small scale hydro (less than 10
    megawatts (MW)) production growing from 0.482 Mtoe to 0.594
    Mtoe, and 10 to 50 MW hydro facilities contributing 0.542
    Mtoe.  The large hydropower plants are owned by Iberdrola,
    Endesa, Union Fenosa, Hidrocantabrico and Viesgo (affiliated
    with Italy's Enel).  These same companies own many smaller
    facilities as well.  Local engineering and construction
    company consortiums also build and operate small facilities.

    RENEWABLES:  WIND AND SOLAR POWER
    ¶18.  Sunny, mountainous Spain is a prime prospect for wind
    and solar power generation.  As technology progresses and
    provides less expensive means of harnessing the power of the
    wind and the sun, Spain may use these power sources to great
    advantage as it seeks to reduce emissions.

    ¶19.  Significant financial incentives, primarily sourced
    through EU cohesion funds, have caused most Spanish energy
    companies to develop renewables projects.  With approximately
    $1.5 billion allocated for environmental purposes, the
    central government distributes some funding to the regions
    for projects.  Along with the funds, the regional and local
    governments often provide additional incentives such as tax
    benefits and land donation or discount.  However, when the
    cohesion funds stop in 2007, it remains to be seen how much
    additional development will continue.

    WIND ENERGY

    ¶20.  Spain is one of the world's largest wind energy
    producers along with the U.S. and Germany.  The land of Don
    Quixote and his windmills has long used wind for power
    generation.  But only recently have large-scale efforts begun
    to exploit this renewable energy source.

    ¶21.  At the end of 1998, Spain generated only 800 MW from
    wind.  That almost doubled in 1999, and in 2003 total
    installed wind energy reached 6,202 MW.  Plans call for
    capacity increase to about 9,000 MW by 2010, and Spain is on
    its way to meeting that goal.  Regions with the most
    installed wind power generation are Galicia, Navarra,
    Castilla-La Mancha, Aragon and Asturias.

    ¶22.  Some energy companies with interests in primary energy
    sources have also invested in wind generation facilities,
    among them Gamesa (the strongest), Iberdrola and Endesa.
    Additionally, smaller generators have emerged and several
    foreign developers, including American-owned Global 3 (see
    Paragraph 31), have plans to invest in wind power in Spain.

    SOLAR ENERGY

    ¶23.  Still too expensive to compete with primary energy
    sources and wind power, current cost efficiency has not
    stopped research efforts or government incentives for small
    investment in solar power.  CIEMAT, the energy and
    environmental research arm of the Ministry of Science and
    Technology, has a solar platform research/production facility
    in southeastern Spain in the Desert of Tabernas.  It was
    developed to offer researchers a place where the climatic
    conditions are optimal for researching solar power production
    such as could be used within the sunbelt.

    ¶24.  Prosolmed, a group of engineers and economists in the
    orange-growing region of Valencia, has taken advantage of
    some incentives for small-scale production and is trying to
    help city-living small investors get in on the action.
    Prosolmed claims that investors can enjoy a rate of return
    greater than 10%, and has installed 100 small solar panels,
    each occupying 50 square meters.  An article likens this
    venture to earlier Spanish tree plantation investment
    opportunities.  According to the article, a secondary market
    now exists for these plantation interests, suggesting that
    small investment solar opportunities might also be successful
    on Spain.

    ¶25.  Solar energy technology still needs to advance and
    become more cost-competitive before it can supply a
    significant portion of the country's renewable energy goals.
    In 2001, Spain collected only 35 ktep (equivalent to 35,000
    tons of oil) of energy generated through solarthermic
    installations, and 2 ktep from photovolcaic installations.
    Spain's goals by 2010 include generation of 336 ktep from
    solarthermic sources, and 19 ktep from photovolcaic
    installations.

    ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

    ¶26.  Red Elctrica de Espaa (REE) is Spain's electricity
    transmission grid and system operator.  The GOS owns 28.5
    percent of REE, with Endesa, Iberdrola, Union Fenosa and
    Hidrocantabrico each holding 10 percent, Viesgo with 1
    percent, and the remaining 18 percent and 13 percent held by
    institutional investors and small shareholders, respectively.
     The government fixes electricity rates on an annual basis.
    Only one foreign firm, ESB (of Ireland), currently operates
    within the Spanish electrical distribution industry, in the
    Basque region.

    ¶27.  Although deregulation of this market enables consumers
    to shop freely for electricity, suppliers are required to
    sell at rates set by the government.  These mandated rates
    have fallen 35 percent since 1997.  But the lack of price
    competition reduces consumer incentive to change suppliers,
    making it difficult for competition to thrive.

    ¶28.  The recently announced integration of the Spanish and
    Portuguese electricity markets into the "Iberian Electricity
    Market" will, per Vice President and Economy Minister Rodrigo
    Rato, form the fourth largest electricity market in Europe in
    terms of power generation capacity, and the second
    full-fledged electricity pool after Scandinavia's Nord pool.
    The new market will allow consumers to choose any electric
    company within the system as a supplier. With this
    integration, utility rates should fall; especially in
    Portugal where the rates are higher than in Spain.

    MARKET ENTRY BARRIERS

    ¶29.  Spain is a difficult market for the foreign energy
    investor to successfully enter due to lack of transparency in
    bidding and permit processes, as well as the entrenched
    status of the incumbent companies.  Although GOS regulations
    suggest a liberalized market, large Spanish incumbents, many
    of which were state-owned monopolies, still control
    significant market share and have long-established
    relationships with (and the trust of) their regulating
    bodies.  Additionally, the GOS still holds "golden shares" of
    Repsol and Endesa.  These shares give veto power over
    corporate decisions that the GOS believes would affect
    national interest.  Spain's dominant energy companies have
    significant power and sophistication, with Repsol-YPF,
    Iberdrola and Endesa included in the Financial Times 500 List
    of top international companies.  It is not unusual that a new
    market entrant must negotiate for access to its dominant
    competitor's distribution network to get its product to
    market.  Relationships formed in grade school between
    regulators and corporate leaders also seem to play a strong
    role.  (See reftel for more information about Spain's "old
    boys" network.)

    ¶30.  When U.S. companies have attempted to enter the Spanish
    market, they have faced significant delays in obtaining
    construction and other types of permits, while the Spanish
    and some other European companies (from countries who have
    permitted Spanish companies to enter their markets) tend to
    receive their permits rapidly.  While some attribute this to
    Spain's tendency to trust its incumbents, others add that
    many foreign companies ineffectually attempt to manage
    Spanish investment from London offices.  Despite
    difficulties, several US companies are making progress,
    including AES (see Paragraph 9) and Global 3.

    ¶31.  Global 3 began in Spain in 1997 by building a one
    megawatt plant to learn how to work through Spain's
    labyrinthine permit processes and to prove that they could
    actually become successful on a small scale.  Per one of
    Global 3's owners, the company has vertically integrated and
    owns liquefied natural gas storage facilities and pipelines,
    has developed and operates five power plant projects, and
    continues developing various energy facilities, including
    wind farms.  The company attributes its success to its
    approach:  starting small, learning Spanish methods,
    establishing contacts, and building on experience.

    ¶32.  An alternative approach for penetrating the Spanish
    market is filling demand within niche markets.  Chiptec
    Corp., a Vermont manufacturer of high fuel efficiency biomass
    gasification systems, found a Spanish food packing company
    who wanted to convert food waste into energy.  Chiptec sold
    equipment to suit this purpose in an arrangement valued at
    over $1 million, and has continued negotiating for more
    business in Spain.  US companies with products that would
    enable Spanish firms to increase efficiency or produce energy
    in non-traditional ways have a potential market in Spain.

    COMMENT:
    ¶33.  The Spanish energy sector is changing in a primarily
    market-driven manner, with natural gas playing a dominant
    role in meeting energy needs and wind power playing a role in
    Spain's efforts to reach 12 percent of energy consumption
    through renewables by 2010.  Predicted strong growth will
    continue to provide opportunities for U.S. companies, not
    only in the traditional energy sectors but also in
    renewables.  Independent entry strategies into the Spanish
    energy market are problematic (but possible) due to permit
    processes and generally unavoidable negotiation with
    incumbent competitors for necessary services.  Importing
    energy to Spain's major energy companies for processing and
    distribution, establishing joint ventures and partnerships
    with Spanish companies, acquiring small-scale on-the-ground
    experience, or selling equipment or technology for less
    typical energy sources such as biomass, are some of the best
    strategies for US companies to successfully enter the Spanish
    energy market.  End Comment.
    ARGYROS

`