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### Viewing cable 04BRASILIA2119, BRAZIL'S AMAZON SURVEILLANCE AND AMAZON PROTECTION

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
04BRASILIA2119 | 2004-08-20 19:03 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | CONFIDENTIAL | Embassy Brasilia

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 04 BRASILIA 002119

    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958: DECL: 08/20/2014
    TAGS: MCAP TSPL TPHY SENV MARR EAIR PGOV BR POL MIL
    SUBJECT: BRAZIL'S AMAZON SURVEILLANCE AND AMAZON PROTECTION
    SYSTEMS: DEMONSTRABLE PROGRESS

    REF: A. (A) 03 BRASILIA 2313

         ¶B. (B) 03 USDAO BRASILIA IIR 6 809 0235 03

    Classified By: DepPolCouns Lawrence Cohen, reason 1.4 (d)

    SUMMARY
     -------

    ¶1.  (C) Brazil's Amazon Surveillance System (SIVAM) and
    Amazon Protection System (SIPAM) continue to show progress
    and increased operational capabilities.  SIVAM's data
    collection infrastructure is almost complete; SIPAM continues
    to create new map products for use by government and
    non-governmental organizations.  However, even with SIVAM
    fully in place, many aircraft will still be able to avoid
    detection by flying below radar patterns and look-down radar
    on airborne platforms will not have continuous coverage.  To
    provide a seamless radar picture over its frontiers, Brazil
    is actively seeking cooperative arrangements with neighboring
    countries.  Ultimately, both SIVAM and SIPAM will only be as
    effective as the GOB's efforts to utilize the information
    generated, whether to control Brazilian airspace or to
    protect the environment.   End Summary

    BACKGROUND
    ----------

    ¶2.  (C) Emboffs accompanying CAPSTONE National Defense
    University (NDU) team to Brazil's Amazon Surveillance System
    (SIVAM) and Amazon Protection System (SIPAM) regional centers
    in Manaus received in-depth briefing on the current status of
    the two co-located facilities from Air Force Brigadier
    General Alvaro Luiz Pinheiro, Vice President of the
    Commission for Implementation of Air Space Control (CISCEA)
    and the Coordinating Commission for the Amazon Surveillance
    System (CCSIVAM).  SIVAM Commandant Colonel Scariot and SIPAM
    regional chief Engineer Captain Luciano also participated in
    the August 10 visit.

    ¶3.  (U) Brazil's Amazon Surveillance System (SIVAM) is an
    integrated data collection project that utilizes a wide
    variety of data acquisition tools throughout the Amazon
    basin's 5.2 million square kilometers.  Developed by Raytheon
    and ATECH Technologies (Brazil), the multi-layered system
    includes aerial surveillance, transportable ground based and
    meteorological radars, airborne remote sensing and
    surveillance platforms (Embraer R99-A and R99-B aircraft),
    environmental and river sensors, weather ground stations,
    lightning detectors, surveillance and meteorological
    satellite observation, and even spot  submissions from
    individual informants.  Using the extensive raw data
    collected by SIVAM, the Amazon Protection System (SIPAM)
    integrates, evaluates, and disseminates the information into
    packages for distribution to end-user Brazilian agencies and
    non-governmental organizations.  To complete the SIPAM
    information network, end-user terminals are being placed in
    each of the Amazon region's 257 municipalities with over
    10,000 inhabitants.

    ¶4.  (SBU) Almost all of SIVAM's multi-layered data collection
    mechanisms are up and running; only a few of the facility's
    information collection and observation components are still
    not fully functional.  In coordination with SIPAM which
    provides integrated data analysis, a detailed geographic
    information system (GIS) portrait of the Amazon basin is
    emerging rapidly.  Increasingly, the data and data-created
    products are being shared in real time with appropriate
    military and civilian endusers.  The air traffic control
    component of the Amazon Region Air Traffic Control and
    Integrated Air Defense System (CINDACTA IV) is showing
    progress. The next stage in SIVAM/SIPAM development,
    resulting in greater control of Brazilian airspace and
    protection and sustainable development of the Amazon, will
    rely on improved coordination among government and
    non-government entities.

    Air Defense and Control by 2005
    -------------------------------

    ¶5.  (SBU) Utilizing SIVAM data, the Air Traffic Control and
    Integrated Air Defense System for the Amazon (CINDACTA IV), a
    component of Brazil's national Air Defense and Air Traffic
    Control System (SISDACTA), should be fully operational by
    early 2005. (Note: Brazil's other regional ATC and air
    defense systems, CINDACTA I, II, and III are already
    operational. End Note)  Two transportable 3D radars are not
    yet operational; other systems, including VHF radio, should
    be completed within a few months.  To identify unauthorized
    aircraft and airspace incursions from neighboring countries,
    air-air, air-ground, and spot (look-down) SAR airborne
    sensors onboard the system's three R99-B aircraft provide
    high resolution imaging and surface information that in
    combination with surface radar systems, and when the R99-B
    aircraft are aloft, provides complete vertical airspace
    coverage.  Low-flying intruding aircraft, however, can avoid
    radar detection over much of the Amazon when the surveillance
    planes are grounded or unavailable in the particular region.
    (Note: Given the costs associated with keeping the three
    R99-Bs aloft, the planes at present will be utilized only
    when and where collaborating information suggests airspace
    incursions are occurring or will occur at a given date and
    time.  End note)  Pinheiro indicated that during CINDACTA
    IV's short lifespan to date, it has monitored a 30 percent
    increase in regional air traffic -- a result of increased air
    traffic communications between pilots and ATC stations rather
    than an increase in flights. "When pilots know they are being
    monitored, they are more prone to acknowledge their presence
    and file a flight plan," he observed.

    Hand Across the Borders
    -----------------------

    ¶6.  (C) Pinheiro believed full air defense and traffic
    control (ATC) throughout the Amazon will be achieved by June
    2005; key to this achievement, he noted, will be ATC
    coordination and integration with Brazil's neighbors.  In
    previous discussions with mission personnel, the GOB had
    indicated its desire to enter into SIVAM cost-sharing
    arrangements over ATC data.  Pinheiro was certain that Brazil
    no longer sought cost reimbursement from other governments.
    Instead, Brazil's current objective is the creation of a
    seamless radar overlap with all its neighbors extending 50
    miles on each side of Brazil's borders.  Each regional
    CINDACTA, Pinheiro explained, has been given the go ahead by
    Brasilia to develop local data sharing mechanisms with
    neighboring countries.  (Note: Mission has not yet been able
    to confirm with other Ministry of Defense sources whether
    regional CINDACTAs are, in fact, tasked to develop
    transborder data sharing mechanisms. End note) With Peru, for
    example, since both Ministries of Defense had agreed to terms
    of reference for real time data sharing, Pinheiro affirmed
    that CINDACTA IV and its Peruvian counterpart were in the
    process of establishing close border radar overlap
    capability.  Colombia, he said, wanted to do the same,
    although the GOC's desire to obtain data for Brazilian
    airspace beyond the 50 mile border zone, he noted, was a
    "non-starter."  Brazil already works closely with Colombia on
    information sharing, and both Venezuela and French Guiana
    have expressed interest in developing joint ATC operations.
    While Bolivia does not have its own operating sensors,
    Pinheiro added, Brazil is considering provision of surplus
    radar units as it upgrades its own radars.

    ¶7.  (C) Pinheiro and Scariot opined that when fully
    operational, the coordinated CINDACTA IV ATC system, in
    conjunction with implementation of Brazil's Lei de Abate
    ("Shootdown" Law) in October, would be sufficient in
    dissuading airborne narcotrafficking in the Amazon "without
    recourse to actually shooting any aircraft from the sky."
    Pinheiro added that the SIVAM observation platform will also
    serve to deny the use of illicit airfields which can now be
    more easily located and targeted for action.

    SIVAM Products
    --------------

    ¶8.  (U) As a data collection system SIVAM generates a range
    of products for use by the Amazon Protection System (SIPAM)
    or other end-users.  Among the raw products promoted by the
    SIVAM Coordinating Commission (CCSIVAM) are:

    -   Meteorological:  Satellite images, real-time
    meteorological situation maps, historical and current climate
    study statistics, weather forecasts for airports, and
    accumulated precipitation and lightning reports;

    -   Electromagnetic Surveillance:  Emission contact and map
    data and communications networks;

    -   Environmental:  Groundcover maps and general reports,
    land use and environmental impact maps, soil damage maps,
    fauna and habitat classification maps, deforestation maps and
    fire incidence reports, mercury contamination reports, local
    and regional CO2 and O3 concentrations, statistical reports
    on greenhouse gas data, pollution threats to human
    populations, water quality and hydrographic maps, flood
    prevention and flood forecasting reports, urbanization impact
    maps and statistical reports, and epidemiological studies;

    -   Territorial Surveillance: Real-time airborne and surface
    vehicle movement and trajectories, identified target maps,
    border violation maps, irregular cultivation maps,
    biodiversity extraction and illicit mining maps, geologic
    maps, and locations of detected (irregular and perhaps
    illicit) rest-stops.

    SIPAM and its Activities
    ------------------------

    ¶9.  (C) Past visits by mission personnel to the co-located
    SIVAM/SIPAM complex in Manaus suggested a clear dichotomy
    between the two entities.  While the two entities remain
    separate with SIVAM providing the raw data to SIPAM, the
    separation may be less distinct than before.  Moreover,
    bureaucratic concerns about allowing uniformed visitors into
    SIPAM may be lessening. During the CAPSTONE/NDU visit, SIPAM
    regional chief Captain Luciano welcomed the opportunity to
    display his center's sophisticated GIS capabilities.  For
    example, he demonstrated how SIPAM's environmental analysis
    unit incorporates SIVAM data into usable tools (e.g. maps of
    deforestation trends, forest fire monitoring, land use maps)
    for GOB entities such as the Ministry of Environment. The
    meteorological cell which has grown dramatically in just a
    few months, would soon be going to a 24/7 operation schedule,
    Luciano said.  In addition to direct links with GOB agencies,
    workspace within SIPAM is being provided to NGOs engaged in
    Amazon field work.  Luciano acknowledged that with SIPAM's
    rapid development of new data tools, data storage is becoming
    an increasing challenge.

    ¶10. (U) Luciano expressed pride in the progress the Amazon
    Protection System has made in recent months and highlighted
    SIPAM's key focus areas:

    -   Environmental protection;
    -   Land use supervision and control;
    -   Border surveillance and control;
    -   Prevention and control of epidemics;
    -   Civil defense activities;
    -   Identification of punishable illegal activities;
    -   Protection of indigenous populations and their land;
    -   Air traffic control and surveillance;
    -   Support for sustainable development;
    -   Weather forecasting; and
    -   Climate studies.

    ¶11. (SBU) Comment:  While SIVAM and SIPAM continue to show
    noteworthy progress, the ultimate success of these programs
    will be measured if/when/to what extent Brazilian agencies
    and NGOs utilize the new information tools provided.
    Ultimately, more rigorous environmental protection,
    sustainable development of the Amazon, and greater
    surveillance of Brazilian airspace leading to reduced
    narcotrafficking will be SIVAM/SIPAM's most important
    achievements.
    Danilovich

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