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### Viewing cable 03ANKARA611, QUENCHING THE THIRST: WATER FOR TURKEY'S

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
03ANKARA611 | 2003-01-24 15:31 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Ankara

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 ANKARA 000611

    SIPDIS

    STATE FOR EUR/SE, EUR/PGI, OES/PCI
    PLEASE PASS EPA (BFREEMAN, HHUYNH)

    E.O.12958: N/A
    TAGS: SENV TBIO PGOV ECON TU
    SUBJECT:  QUENCHING THE THIRST: WATER FOR TURKEY'S
    HOUSEHOLDS

    ¶1.  Summary.  Turkey has invested $30 billion over the past
    five decades in a massive water management system that
    challenges the limitations of its semi-arid climate.  As a
    result, Turkey provides household water supply systems to 70
    percent of its population, including 62 percent in rural
    areas.  The thirsty system requires an annual $2 billion
    investment and faces financial and institutional challenges
    as well as threats to supply and quality. End Summary.

    Long-term strategy: 100 percent capture
    -----------------------------------------

    ¶2.  In recent decades, Turkey has built 211 large and 765
    small dams that irrigate 4.5 million ha of land, generate
    42,229 GWh/year of energy and provide 2 billion m3 of
    potable water to 20 million people in 14 cities. Only India
    and China have built more dams. To finance its water
    infrastructure, Turkey has received IBRD/IDA support,
    including $942.7 million for water supply and sewage
    projects, $797.9 million for electric power and $118 million
    for agriculture projects.  This effort has enabled Turkey to
    capture 42 billion meters cubed (m3) of its 110 billion m3
    of exploitable water.  By comparison, exploitable water in
    Greece is about half (62 billion m3) and a hundred times
    less in Israel (1.65 billion m3). However, Turkey's water
    per capita has fallen from 1,950 m3 to 1,580 m3 from 1990 to
    2000 due to increases in population, urbanization and
    industrialization as well as a decrease in renewable
    resources.

    ¶3.  To provide adequate supply for its 67 million people,
    the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI)
    within the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MOENR)
    developed a 30-year plan to capture all exploitable water by
    ¶2030. This plan requires $ 2 billion annually for new
    construction and operations.  As with previous years, the
    allocation for 2002 fell short, this time at $1.2 billion.

    ¶4.  Seventy five (75) percent of water captured goes to
    agriculture.  About 15 percent goes for industrial use and
    the remaining 10 percent for household purposes.  The
    remainder of this cable addresses domestic water supply.
    Septels will address water for hydropower and agriculture.

    Domestic supply: Slightly behind world average
    --------------------------------------------- -

    ¶5. NATIONAL AND RURAL SUPPLY. Water supply systems serve
    about 70 percent of the population, including 62 percent of
    those living in Turkey's 34,720 rural villages.  These
    figures fall below WHO estimates that 82 percent of the
    world's overall population and 71 percent of the world's
    rural population are served by water supply systems.
    Turkey's numbers show a stronger water infrastructure for
    overall and rural populations than do WHO measurements for
    overall and rural populations in Africa (62 and 47 percent,
    respectively), but a less complete infrastructure than
    Europe (96 and 87 percent) and Asia (81 and 75 percent).

    ¶6. MUNICIPAL SUPPLY.  Turkey's municipal water systems reach
    95 percent of the total municipal population.  This number
    compares favorably to WHO estimates of municipal systems
    that reach 93, 85, and 83 percent in municipal populations
    in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, respectively.

    ¶7. SUPPLY IN THE SOUTHEAST. The Southeastern Anatolia
    Project (GAP) plans to complete its regional municipal water
    network by 2010.  As of 1999, 42 percent of the region's
    municipalities had water networks, 28 percent had networks
    under construction and 30 percent had no connection to water
    supply systems.  In provinces further east -- Agri, Hakkari
    and Siirt -- the fewest number of villages have water supply
    systems.

    ¶8. DSI subsidizes municipalities by providing water
    infrastructure.  Municipalities set their own water pricing
    policies, with schemes varying from city to city. Among
    samples studied, Istanbul's household water per m3 appears
    to be most costly ($.73 - 2.56) and Kaseri's in Central
    Anatolia among the least ($.30 - .54). These figures do not
    include 18 percent VAT.

    A View from the cities
    ----------------------

    ¶9. Ankara:  Without additional facilities, Ankara is
    projected to face a water shortage in 2007. The city uses
    only two thirds of its stored water due to insufficient
    pipelines capacity. The much-needed Isikli project, which
    would provide sufficient water through 2027, is currently
    unfunded. The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) funded
    a feasibility study on water loss management, but the
    project went unfunded. TDA also provided funding for water
    system feasibility studies in the three cities below.

    ¶10. Istanbul:  A rapid population increase and an aging
    water system that leaks 50 percent of its contents has
    challenged Istanbul's municipal water resources. To meet its
    water needs through 2040, Istanbul will undertake two major
    water projects funded by the Japanese International
    Cooperation Agency, including the dramatic Melen project
    that will construct large pipelines under the Bosphorus and
    build the largest water treatment plant in Europe.

    ¶11. Antalya: During tourist season, the population of this
    Mediterranean resort surges 73 percent.  In 2004, Antalya
    will begin the second phase of a $535 million-project that
    should meet the city's potable water supply and wastewater
    requirements until 2020.

    ¶12. Izmir: The recently constructed $120 million Tahtali Dam
    will provide Izmir with sufficient water storage, treatment
    and transportation for decades.

    Institutional challenges
    ------------------------

    ¶13. The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI)
    was established in 1953 within MOENR as the primary
    executive state agency responsible for national water
    resource planning, management and execution. Although
    employing the best of Turkey's hydrologists, it is
    criticized for failing to bring in "young blood" and for
    being tight-fisted with information.

    ¶14.  Discussions with water professionals have identified
    three challenges facing Turkey's water institutions: lack of
    institutional coordination, lack of data sharing, and under-
    trained professionals.

    -- In theory, only four government agencies have decision-
    making authority in national water policy.  Unofficial
    counts tally up to seven ministries and 18 general
    directorates, plus 81 provincial governates with water
    responsibilities and dozens of Water Users Associations that
    manage 80 percent of irrigation water. One hydrology
    professor called this cacophony "an appalling abdication of
    responsibility" of the state.  However, an Ministry of
    Environment official projected that about 80 percent of
    these overlaps would be resolved in legislation submitted to
    parliament on 1/8/03.

    -- Data sharing is nearly non-existent.  Many government
    agencies, consultants and researchers monitor water quality.
    Each measures different parameters for different reasons.
    Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to create a
    national data bank. According to a former DSI Director
    General, Turkey is "not even close" to establishing a
    national water database because the under-funded agencies
    compete rather than cooperate.

    -- Professional skills need strengthening.  With
    insufficient expertise available, many technical projects
    completed in the 1970s (groundwater modeling programs, river
    basin reports), have sat idle or without updates.  Newly
    developed models become academic exercises with no follow-
    up.  Often, outside consultants do work that should be done
    in-house.  Alternately, work simply does not get done.

    Some threats to water quality and supply
    ----------------------------------------

    ¶15. The greatest threat to Turkey's fresh water is
    inadequate waste management infrastructure.  Only 13 percent
    of municipal waste is disposed of in sanitary landfills (Ref
    A).  The rest is dumped without treatment in rivers and open
    pits. Across Turkey, gas stations flush their tanks directly
    into groundwater sources.  Many wastewater treatment plants
    are poorly run.  A former DSI scientist told us of one plant
    where water was more contaminated after treatment than
    before.

    ¶16. Deforestation and erosion affect water resources.
    Without healthy root systems to cling to soil, rainwater and
    snowmelts run uncontrolled and cannot be captured.  More
    than 75 percent of Turkey's land is prone to erosion and
    forested areas have diminished 0.22 percent in the past
    decade (20,000 ha per year).

    ¶17.  An insufficient understanding of water-use principles
    at the user level threatens water supply, particularly in
    agricultural areas of the southeast.  Farmers with newly
    installed irrigation systems frequently over-irrigate,
    leading to salt-intrusion (salination) and water-rise
    problems across broad geographic areas.

    Groundwater contamination threatens health
    ------------------------------------------
    ¶18.  Insufficient enforcement of environmental laws and
    water regulations, a lack of public awareness, a lack of
    political will and a technical inability to match
    contaminants with sources compound groundwater problems.
    Industrial waste, agricultural run-off and other elements
    are allowed to degrade groundwater quality.  In addition to
    negatively affecting public health, this reduces crop
    yields, freshwater biodiversity and quantities of freshwater
    fish catches, and increases eutrophication and costs to
    reduce pollution levels.

    ¶19.  Turkey's National Environmental Action Plan lists one
    of the three most important domestic water resources (the
    Sakarya Basin in central Anatolia) among the most polluted.
    The most polluted basins and lakes are concentrated in the
    industrialized western region, with only Lake Van in eastern
    Anatolia considered "at risk," this due to sewage discharge,
    industrial wastewater, and agricultural run-off.

    ¶20. Scientific studies brim with examples of groundwater
    contamination that outpaces enforcement of the "polluter
    pays" principal in environmental law. Many industries are
    identified as heavy polluters -- textile industry, sugar
    beet plants, paper factories, alkaloid companies.  Many
    communities fight contamination -- Hatay (organic, inorganic
    pollutants), Mersin (heavy industrial pollutants), Adana
    (agricultural run-off), and Kemalpasa (cyanide).

    ¶21. The former Director General acknowledges that water
    quality is not well monitored due to economic constraints.
    These constraints also affect DSI's laboratory capacity,
    forcing Turkey to send samples to Canada to assure reliable
    assessments.

    Comment
    -------

    ¶22. Turkey has made the best of a dry situation, but it
    needs to clarify its water management further, strengthen
    the professional capacity of its technicians, enhance its
    public education efforts, and establish a national database.
    Meeting the needs of a growing population will require
    substantial investment in infrastructure and continual
    institutional vigilance.

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