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### Viewing cable 04TELAVIV1375, ETHIOPIAN JEWRY IN ISRAEL

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
04TELAVIV1375 | 2004-03-05 08:06 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Tel Aviv

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 04 TEL AVIV 001375

    SIPDIS

    STATE FOR NEA/PPD M.QUINN, D.BENZE
    STATE INFO NEA/IPA, ECA, ITP
    JERUSALEM PASS ICD C.DANIELS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: KPAO SCUL KIRF ET IS ISRAELI SOCIETY
    SUBJECT: ETHIOPIAN JEWRY IN ISRAEL

    ¶1. Summary:  Ethiopian Jews in Israel number
    approximately 90,000.  Fifty percent of them are
    under the age of 25.  Most can trace their families'
    arrival in Israel to rescue missions such as Operation
    Moses (1984) and Operation Solomon (1991). The vast
    majority live in impoverished communities where even
    menial work is scarce, and the lack of educational
    opportunities relegates most to low wage jobs. They
    face huge obstacles in the areas of access to
    employment, education, and housing. These difficulties
    are, at least in part, the result of challenges that
    they confront in moving from an essentially agrarian
    society in Ethiopia to the modern, technologically
    advanced Israeli economy.  Sixty-five percent of
    Israelis of Ethiopian origin are not working.
    More than 80 percent are functionally illiterate in
    their native Amharic.  Last year, only about 1,250
    Ethiopian students entered university at the completion
    of high school and military service, according to
    Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).  While
    there is a small middle class, it is negligible when
    compared with the overall Israeli population.  In
    addition, Ethiopian Israelis are held back by the
    widespread perception that they are not `real' Jews.
    Stereotyping and discrimination also trouble them and
    hinder their integration into Israeli society.  The GOI
    has taken some steps to address these issues.  It
    offers scholarships to Ethiopian students, promotes
    vocational training, provides favorable mortgages to
    Ethiopian homebuyers, and supports NGOs that foster
    ethnic and religious tolerance.  However, critics argue
    that the GOI must do more or Ethiopian immigrants could
    be locked into a cycle of despair and poverty that
    will lead to the creation of a permanent black
    underclass.  End Summary

    ------------------------------------
    Educating Ethiopian-Israeli Children
    ------------------------------------
    ¶2. Ethiopian immigrants to Israel struggle to bridge a
    huge knowledge gap that directly impacts their
    integration into Israeli society.  They have one of the
    highest dropout rates and lowest achievement records of
    any community in Israel.  Only 32 percent of Ethiopian
    students were eligible to sit for college entrance
    exams, compared with 50 percent of students in the
    general population, according to the JDC Brookdale
    Institute, a leading center for applied research on
    human services.  A recent survey by the Institute found
    that more than 50 percent of Ethiopian-Israeli parents
    are not equipped to assist their children with
    schoolwork, and 65 percent of teachers have low
    expectations of these students, creating an unfortunate
    cycle of low expectations and poor performance.
    Ethiopian-Israelis are concentrated in a small number
    of communities, often learning at substandard schools.
    Barbara Swirski, director of the Adva Center, a non-
    partisan Israeli policy analysis center, explained that
    less than one-third of Ethiopian students in elementary
    and middle school receive grades at or above the
    national average, and thirty-five percent of Ethiopian-
    Israeli students in grades 1-9 cannot read or write at
    grade level.    UNESCO estimates that 90 percent of
    adult Ethiopian immigrants had less than five years of
    schooling in Ethiopia, before they immigrated to
    Israel.

    --------------------------
    Bridging the Education Gap
    --------------------------
    ¶3. The GOI provides students from the Ethiopian
    immigrant community special classes and extra hours of
    instruction, counseling at critical transitional
    junctures such as kindergarten-to-first grade and
    junior high-to-high school.  It also pays their
    university tuition costs.  Statistics from the CBS
    indicate that 1500 Ethiopian Israelis are currently
    pursuing university degrees, compared with less than
    100 five years ago.  The GOI has allocated
    considerable resources to provide preschool education
    for disadvantaged children, many of whom are of
    Ethiopian origin.

    --------------------------
    Rescuing Disaffected Youth
    --------------------------
    ¶4. Negist Menguesha, director of the Ethiopian National
    Project (ENP), an umbrella NGO for the development of
    Ethiopian-Israelis, says that as many as 26 percent of
    Ethiopian-Israeli youth either drop out of school or do
    not regularly attend classes.  An increasing number of
    these youth have become involved in illegal activities.
    According to Simcha Getahune, the director of the
    Ethiopian Affairs Unit of ELEM, an NGO that works with
    youth at risk, in 1996, forty-seven Ethiopian youth
    were arrested for violent crimes.  By 2002, the number
    had risen to 220.  In 1996, there was one arrest for a
    drug-related offense, but in 2002 the number had jumped
    to 58.  Similar increases were reported with regard to
    property crimes during this period.

    ¶5. ELEM estimates that more than 3500 Ethiopian youth
    are at-risk.  To reclaim these youth, it established
    partnerships with the GOI and other NGOs to return the
    youth to the formal education structure, and, when that
    is not an option, to prevent them from coming to harm
    on the streets.  Partnerships offer special academic
    courses to reintroduce youth to the classroom,
    leadership development training, and courses designed
    to strengthen their connection with Israel and Judaism.
    Other activities focus on building cooperation between
    parents, teachers and communities to ensure that
    children stay in school.  Shula Mola, former director
    of the Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews, insists,
    "Second chance programs prove that when resources are
    directed towards bridging educational and cultural
    gaps, Ethiopian youngsters can make it.  However,
    Israel's budgetary constraints mean that the full
    integration of disaffected Ethiopian youth will be
    delayed."

    ---------------------------------------------
    Ethiopian Israelis: Struggling for Acceptance
    ---------------------------------------------
    ¶6. Jews of Ethiopian origin represent the lowest rung
    of Israel's Jewish socioeconomic ladder. While many of
    the difficulties that they face may be explained, at
    least in part, by the challenges of immigration,
    cultural differences, and the disparity in educational
    levels, this alone does not fully explain the extent of
    their marginalization, particularly in the case of the
    30,000 Ethiopian-Israelis born in Israel.

    -------------------------
    Who's a Jew and Who's Not
    -------------------------
    ¶7. Many Israelis question the Judaism of Ethiopian
    Israelis (also known as Falash Mura), the majority of
    whom converted to Christianity in Ethiopia, many under
    coercion.  There is a widespread perception that the
    approximately 22,000 Falash Mura who claim Jewish
    ancestry awaiting immigration to Israel do not have
    Jewish roots and simply want to escape economic
    hardship in Ethiopia.  Indeed, the Habad, one of
    Israel's most activist orthodox religious sects, does
    not fully recognize Ethiopian Israelis as Jews.  To
    allay doubts about the Falash Mura's claims of Judaism,
    the GOI investigates the Jewish ancestry of intended
    immigrants and encourages them to undergo orthodox
    conversion, says Batia Eyob, director of the Israel
    Association of Ethiopian Jews (IAEJ), an Ethiopian-
    Israeli advocacy and service NGO.  Until recently, it
    also urged Ethiopian immigrants to enroll their
    children in orthodox schools to strengthen their sense
    of Judaism.  Eighty percent of Ethiopian Israeli
    children attend orthodox schools, according to
    statistics provided by the Adva Center.

    ¶8. Although even the most critical Ethiopian activists
    insist that the GOI does not sanction discrimination of
    one class of Jew against another, many blame the GOI
    for not doing enough to address what they see as de
    facto discrimination against them.  As one Ethiopian
    Israeli contact put it, "The government wants the world
    to believe that there is only one Jewish people... that
    all of us are the same. Hence, it pretends that there
    are no differences."  This view is not universal.
    Another contact stated, "Israel has done more for my
    people than we could have hoped for."  The difference
    in perspective is largely generational, with younger
    Ethiopians feeling less gratitude to the Jewish state
    and more likely to demand their full integration into
    society, says Avrahm Neguise, director of South Wing to
    Zion, executive director of an advocacy NGO for the
    Falash Mura.

    -----------------
    Is Race a Factor?
    -----------------
    ¶9. Ethiopian Israelis almost unanimously believe that
    racism and stereotypes play a significant role in their
    troubled assimilation into Israeli society.  Even some
    veteran Israeli contacts admit that Israelis are
    developing a negative image of Ethiopians.  One stated,
    "The absorption of Ethiopians could be a source of
    pride for the country, but if they continue to be
    associated with crime, violence...and other negative
    traits in the minds of other Israelis, there will be
    alienation."  Ethiopian-Israelis say racism limits
    their access to social services, jobs, and education.
    In addition, well-educated Ethiopian Israelis charge
    that others question their qualifications and assume
    that they are less qualified.  One Ethiopian academic
    asked, "Do you know what its like to have some one
    assume that you are illiterate just because you are
    black?"  Another stated, "We want acceptance, to feel
    like all Israel's other Jews, and to be a full part of
    this society, but we can't achieve this goal as long as
    we are dismissed as ignorant and looked upon as proof
    of Israel's charity." Other Ethiopian Israelis point to
    the widespread use in the media of the word "Cushi," a
    Hebrew word meaning "Ethiopian negro," that they find
    offensive, to describe them as anecdotal evidence of
    racial prejudice.

    ------------------------------------------
    Politics: Not Enough Votes to Really Count
    ------------------------------------------

    ¶10. Ethiopian voters, estimated at 45,000, are not
    enough to woo the major political parties sufficiently
    to put their concerns squarely on the national agenda.
    Israel's political list system in which voters vote for
    party lists instead of individuals also works against
    them.  To date, only one Ethiopian Israeli has been
    elected to the Knesset.  Contacts state that for
    historical reasons, most Ethiopians vote for the
    conservative Likud party, at least in national
    elections.  Likud governments authorized the airlifts
    that brought the first Ethiopian immigrants to Israel.

    ¶11. In the 2003 national elections, two Ethiopian-
    Israeli candidates ran for the Knesset.  Neither was
    successful.  Ethiopian candidates have done better on
    the local level.  In 2003, Ethiopian candidates won a
    total of 6 seats in five municipalities.  This little
    publicized success indicates that the traditionally
    complacent Ethiopian minority may be becoming more
    politically savvy.  As if to prove the point, in
    November 2003, Ethiopians demonstrated outside of the
    Prime Minister's residence to demand the right of
    family members, still in Ethiopia, to join them in
    Israel.  In January 2004, Foreign Minister Silvan
    Shalom announced plans to speed up the resettlement of
    the Falash Mura, more than 22,000 of whom are waiting
    to immigrate to Israel.  But Shalom's promise provoked
    a backlash from lawmakers who question the claims of
    Jewish roots of the Falash Mura and argue that Israel
    cannot afford the speedy resettlement of thousands of
    destitute Ethiopians.  Press reports quote Absorption
    Minister Tsipi Livni as saying that absorption costs
    for each Falash Mura is high (approximately 100,000
    USD) because of the deep cultural and economic gaps
    that Ethiopians must overcome to acclimate in Israel.

    ¶12. Ethiopian-Israeli organizations see restriction on
    the immigration of Ethiopians as unjust, particularly
    in light of Israel's proactive efforts to promote the
    immigration of other Jews.  Among the government's
    critics on this issue is Avraham Neguise, executive
    director of South Wing of Zion.  "Putting economic
    considerations before saving Jews is a crime against
    Zionism," he said.  "We demand the government give
    answers.  It is very difficult to imagine why, when we
    are begging other Jews to come from countries like
    Russia, America and Argentina, we raise the question of
    money for the Ethiopian Jews.  I have no doubt this is
    discrimination," Neguise said.

    -----------------------------------------
    Integration into the Israeli Labor Market
    -----------------------------------------
    ¶13. The unemployment rate for Ethiopian Jews is one of
    the highest of any group in Israel.  Their position is
    exacerbated by the fact that they tend to have low
    paying jobs.  Most of them -- 75 percent of working men
    and 62 percent of working women -- are employed as
    unskilled agricultural and manufacturing workers.
    Sixty-five percent of Ethiopian-Israeli households
    depend on welfare, according to the Adva Center.
    Several factors hinder their ability to fully access
    the job market.  The most pressing is their inability
    to compete effectively with veteran Israelis and
    immigrants from developed countries who frequently have
    greater academic and professional training.  Moreover,
    many do not speak Hebrew well, and, arguably, although
    Ethiopians complete military service, they are not part
    of the army's "old boys" network, which often helps
    Israelis find jobs after they complete military
    service.  To address the problem, the GOI has
    instituted vocational training programs for youth.  It
    has also entered into partnerships with NGOs and the
    private sector to encourage companies to hire Ethiopian
    Israelis, says Negist Menguesha.  These programs have
    had only limited success. Sixty-five percent of
    Ethiopian-Israelis between the age of 25 and 54 are
    unemployed.

    ¶14.  Few Ethiopian-Israelis -- 4 percent of men and 15
    percent of women -- are to be found in the academic,
    liberal, and technical professions.  Of the 94,000
    Jewish licensed teachers in Israel, 30 are of Ethiopian
    origin, according to the Ministry of Education.
    Statistics provided by the Israeli Bar Association
    indicate that there are only five practicing Ethiopian-
    Israeli lawyers.  The largest employer of Ethiopian-
    Israeli women is the public sector.  The majority of
    Ethiopian-Israelis employed by government agencies
    provide services to other Ethiopian immigrants.  The
    number of Ethiopian-Israelis who own their own
    businesses is negligible.  The few that do exist are
    limited to small family shops that sell Ethiopian style
    clothing, music, and spices. KURTZER

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