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### Viewing cable 07MANAGUA426, NICARAGUA: BACKGROUND ON AMCIT PROPERTY CLAIMS

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
07MANAGUA426 | 2007-02-15 17:29 | 2011-08-19 20:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Managua

`

    VZCZCXYZ0027
    RR RUEHWEB

    DE RUEHMU #0426/01 0461729
    ZNR UUUUU ZZH
    R 151729Z FEB 07
    FM AMEMBASSY MANAGUA
    TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 9109
    INFO RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHINGTON DC
    RUEHZA/WHA CENTRAL AMERICAN COLLECTIVE

` `

    UNCLAS MANAGUA 000426

    SIPDIS

    STATE FOR WHA/CEN GSCHIFFER, EB/IFD/OIA, L/CID AND WHA/EPSC
    TREASURY FOR INL MDONOVAN AND GCHRISTOPOLUS, OWH/JHOEK
    STATE PASS TO USTR

    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: EINV ECON USTR KIDE NU
    SUBJECT: NICARAGUA: BACKGROUND ON AMCIT PROPERTY CLAIMS

    ¶1. (U) Summary: Current Nicaraguan property law affords U.S. claimants three administrative avenues to resolve their cases; claimants may also file in court. Since 1990, more than 1,130 U.S. citizens registered 3,193 claims with the Embassy in Managua. As of February 14, 2007, 298 U.S. citizens with 684 claims remained. These property disputes still figure prominently in our bilateral relations. Section 527 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act prohibits U.S. economic assistance to or support in international financial institutions for any country where U.S. citizens do not receive adequate compensation for outstanding claims of confiscated property. Section 527 also authorizes an annual waiver if the Secretary of State determines that it is in the U.S. national interest to do so. End Summary.

    Introduction
    ------------

    ¶2. (U) Property disputes stemming from the 1980s Sandinista-era
    confiscations figure prominently in our bilateral relations.  U.S.
    citizens still regularly seek assistance from the U.S Embassy in
    recovering confiscated properties.  The following cable outlines the
    historical background of property cases and ties it to the situation
    we find today.

    Property Confiscations
    ----------------------

    ¶3. (U) Between 1979 and 1982, the revolutionary Sandinista
    government issued a series of decrees to create the legal basis for
    the confiscation of private property.  The GON seized nearly 20,000
    properties (from cars and houses to bank accounts and farms)
    including about 12% of total land available in the country.  To
    achieve its political goals, the revolutionary government first
    targeted certain classes of owners, i.e., the Somoza family and
    close political supporters, former government officials, members of
    the armed forces, and then later private enterprises accused of
    working against Sandinista economic policy and individuals
    (including U.S. citizens) absent from the country for more than six
    months.  The Sandinista government also nationalized private banks,
    insurance companies, and mines, often utilizing formal expropriation
    decrees.

    ¶4. (U) In what devolved into a measure of revolutionary zeal and
    chaos, the Office of the Attorney General, government ministries,
    Sandinista Army, municipalities, individual Sandinista officials,
    and even squatters simply assumed physical control of property
    without going through a process to arrange for legal title.  The
    central government eventually registered titles on behalf of the
    state for most of these properties, though many lacked any legal
    justification for their transfer.  The government rarely paid
    compensation at the time of confiscation.

    Legalities
    ----------

    ¶5. (U) After the Sandinistas lost the February 1990 elections, they
    hastily attempted to legitimize the confiscations before departing
    office by transferring properties to private hands.  Central to this
    effort were three laws.  "Pinata" Law 85 transferred
    state-controlled urban houses to civic organizations and individuals
    who owned no other house before February 25, 1990.  "Pinata" Law 86
    did the same for urban land lots.  "Pinata" Law 88 granted legal
    title to beneficiaries of Sandinista agrarian reform who held
    provisional titles to rural property.  Issuing permanent title to
    the new owners allowed them to sell, transfer, and will such
    properties to others, further complicating future property claims by
    the original owners in the years that would follow.

    ¶6. (U) The government, Sandinista officials, and squatters also
    confiscated and/or distributed land outside the legal framework of
    the Pinata Laws.  In later years, whether a confiscation "conformed"
    with the Pinata laws would become the legal test for determining who
    owned the property.

    Attempts to Establish Resolution Procedures
    -------------------------------------------

    ¶7. (U) In 1992, the Chamorro government issued a series of decrees
    to remedy Sandinista-era title and ownership problems via a hodge
    podge of solutions, including compensation, return, and swap.
    Subsequent decrees and regulations only further complicated the
    resolution process.  In 1997, the Aleman government passed Law 278
    to correct many of the defects in the early compensation system.
    This law reaffirmed the rights of those who received property under
    Laws 85, 86, and 88, but required beneficiaries of larger properties
    to pay all the taxes they owed.

    Compensation
    ------------

    ¶8. (U) Current property law affords original owners three
    administrative avenues to resolve their claims:  1) the outright
    return of their property, 2) a land swap, or 3) compensation through
    low-interest 15-year term indemnification bonds issued by the
    Government of Nicaragua.  Claimants generally prefer to receive
    land, but this solution is often difficult to achieve.  Of 3,193
    total claims registered with the U.S. Embassy since 1995, 443
    properties, or about 14%, have been returned to their rightful
    owners.  Only six property claims have been resolved through land
    swaps.

    ¶9. (U) Claimants usually settle for compensation via government
    issued indemnification bonds.  To initiate a property claim with
    this goal in mind, a claimant must file a request with the National
    Confiscations Review Commission (CNRC).  The CNRC determines whether
    the claim is valid.  If valid, the claimant must request that the
    Office of Indemnification Quantification (OCI) determine the value
    of the property in question.  The claimant may appeal this
    determination twice.  Once the value is determined, the government
    issues indemnification bonds to compensate the claimant.

    ¶10. (U) Claimants also have the option to take their case to court,
    if they believe that current occupants cannot prove the legal basis
    for having assumed ownership.  A successful lawsuit can result in
    the return of property, but this is very rare.  If the quest for
    property is denied, claimants receive BPIs.

    Indemnification Bonds
    ---------------------

    ¶11. (U) Property indemnification bonds, also called compensation
    bonds, reimburse former owners of confiscated properties through
    payments funded out of future national budgets.  The local currency
    15-year bonds pay interest at the rate of 3% for the first two
    years, 4.5% for the next five years, and 5% for the remaining eight
    years.  This interest rate is considerably below the average rate of
    inflation in recent years (9% during 2004-2006).  Principal is paid
    only during the last four years.

    ¶12. (U) Many claimants are reluctant to accept bonds because
    compensation is based on the taxable value of property -- a figure
    considerably below market value -- and because the present value of
    the bonds is a fraction of their face value.  Additionally, bonds do
    not compensate the original owner for damage to the property, or the
    loss of income related to the property.  On February 8, 2007, such
    indemnification bonds sold for about 40% of face value.

    ¶13. (U) Since 1990, thousands of Nicaraguans and other nationals
    filed property claims with the Nicaraguan government.  Of these,
    more than 1,130 U.S. citizens registered 3,193 claims with the
    Embassy in Managua.  As of February 14, 2007, 298 U.S. citizens with
    684 claims remained.

    Waiver
    ------

    ¶14. (U) Section 527 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act
    (Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995) prohibits U.S. economic assistance to
    or support in international financial institutions for any country
    where U.S. citizens have not received adequate or effective
    compensation for outstanding claims against the government for
    confiscated property.  Section 527 also authorizes the issuance of a
    waiver of the prohibition, on an annual basis, if the Secretary of
    State determines that it is in the U.S. national interest to do so.
    In July 2006, the Secretary of State decided to renew the waiver for
    Nicaragua for the 13th year in a row based on the government's
    overall progress in resolving U.S. citizen claims.  The government
    resolved 86 claims during the August 2005 to July 2006 waiver
    period.

    ¶15. (U) In December 2004, the Nicaraguan legislature passed Law 512,
    shifting responsibility for property claims from the Executive
    (Ministry of Finance) to the new National Property Institute
    (INPRUR).  However, the legislature then decided to delay the launch
    of INPRUR until January 2008.  The Embassy expressed concern over
    the potential effects of partisan interference and lack of executive
    branch responsibility/accountability with the implementation of Law
    512, emphasizing the importance of fair and transparent resolutions
    to claims.  The Embassy continues to work to expeditiously resolve
    all outstanding claims.

    TRIVELLI

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