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### Viewing cable 07PHNOMPENH351, 2007 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT FOR CAMBODIA

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
07PHNOMPENH351 | 2007-03-05 01:15 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Phnom Penh

`

    VZCZCXRO4588
    OO RUEHCHI RUEHDT RUEHHM RUEHNH
    DE RUEHPF #0351/01 0640115
    ZNR UUUUU ZZH
    O 050115Z MAR 07
    FM AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
    TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 8113
    INFO RUCNASE/ASEAN MEMBER COLLECTIVE
    RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHINGTON DC
    RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHINGTON DC 0655
    RHMFIUU/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON DC
    RUEAHLC/HOMELAND SECURITY CENTER WASHINGTON DC 0020

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 07 PHNOM PENH 000351

    SIPDIS

    STATE FOR G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, PRM, IWI, EAP/RSP, EAP/MLS
    STATE PLEASE PASS TO USAID/ANE

    SENSITIVE
    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958:  N/A
    TAGS: PHUM PREF ELAB SMIG KCRM KWMN KFRD ASEC CB
    SUBJECT: 2007 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT FOR CAMBODIA

    REFTEL: STATE 202745

    Other Government-Supported Prevention Programs
    --------------------------------------------- -

    2D. Does the government support other programs to prevent
    trafficking?  (e.g., to promote women's participation in economic
    decision-making or efforts to keep children in school.)  Please
    explain.

    The government, working closely with NGOs and international
    organizations, continues to be engaged in a broad effort to
    devote more resources to women's and children's issues.  Areas being
    addressed include domestic violence, gender and human rights,
    improved and more accessible education for girls, preventative
    health care, improved nutrition, more effective treatment for
    communicable disease, and improved access to family planning
    services and information.  The Ministry of Women's Affairs, in
    cooperation with NGOs and donors, has developed its own strategic
    plan of action to address trafficking and women's empowerment issues
    in Cambodia.

    In September 2005, the National Assembly passed a new domestic
    violence law.  The law criminalizes domestic violence, seeks
    recourse to protect victims, and authorizes authorities and
    neighbors to intervene.  The Ministry of Women's Affairs is
    currently conducting an information campaign, in conjunction with
    the German International Aid Agency (GTZ) and the Rockefeller
    Foundation.  The campaign consists of passing out pamphlets about
    the rights enshrined in the law as well as conducting townhall-style
    public forums throughout Cambodia where ministry representatives
    explain the law and answer questions.

    Government/IO/NGO/Civil Society Relations
    -----------------------------------------

    2E.  What is the relationship between the government and officials,
    NGOs, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil
    society on the trafficking issue?

    There is good cooperation among the Cambodian government,
    international organizations and NGOs, the donors, and foreign and
    domestic NGOs on the trafficking issue.  The U.K., Australia and
    Canada provide funds and program anti-trafficking activities.
    Through training seminars, workshops and other programs, including
    awareness campaigns and treatment and rehabilitation of victims,
    there is enhanced cooperation between all parties on the
    trafficking.  Many NGOs refer the clients they have rehabilitated to
    MOSAVY to help trace family members and for reintegration follow-up.
     NGOs refer cases of disappearance, suspected trafficking or abuse
    to the Ministry of Interior's hotline or to a hotline managed by the
    Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation.  NGOs
    and donors are  often consulted in the drafting of new laws or
    regulations.

    In late 2006, a World Vision conference with U.S. government-funding
    brought NGOS, the Ministry of Interior officials and foreign police
    officers together to discuss best practices in apprehending human
    traffickers and pedophiles.

    At the February 2007 Government Donor Coordination Committee
    meeting, donor nations pressed the Cambodian government to pass the
    draft anti-TIP law and to ensure more stringent penalties.

    During fiscal year 2006, the U.S. government provided funding to the
    Asia Foundation for a Counter-Trafficking-In-Persons (CTIP) program.
     The project will attempt to improve coordination of NGO and
    government efforts to eradicate trafficking through better
    protection, prosecution and prevention.

    Government Border Monitoring
    -----------------------------

    2F.  Does the government monitor immigration and emigration patterns
    for evidence of trafficking?  Do law enforcement agencies screen for
    potential trafficking victims along borders?

    The Cambodian government's ability to monitor land borders with
    Vietnam, Laos and Thailand, as well as its coastline, continues to
    be marginal.  Because of its limited resources, the government does
    not have the ability to screen for potential trafficking along the
    borders.

    The U.S. and Australian governments have helped the Cambodian
    government set up computerized immigration systems in its national

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  002 OF 007

    airports in Phnom Penh and Siem Riep as well as the overland border
    crossings of Poipet and Koh Kong.  The British government funded a
    border security project which provided training to Cambodian
    immigration authorities; IOM implemented the project that will end
    in spring 2007.

    Government Coordination on TIP Issues
    -------------------------------------

    2G.  Is there a mechanism for coordination and communication between
    various agencies, internal, international, and multilateral on
    trafficking-related matters, such as a multi-agency working group or
    a task force?  Does the government have a trafficking in persons
    working group or single point of contact?  Does the government have
    a public corruption task force?

    Several multi-agency working groups and task forces have been
    established for the purpose of coordinating, in concert with
    international organizations and civil society groups, various
    initiatives to address the issue of human trafficking.  On July 5,
    2004, the Cambodian government established a National Task Force to
    implement the MOU between the governments of Cambodia and Thailand
    on bilateral cooperation on the elimination of trafficking in women
    and children and assisting victims of trafficking .  On July 14,
    2005, the Cambodian COMMIT Task Force on the counter-trafficking in
    person in the Greater Mekong Sub-region was established.  On June
    16, 2006, the inter-ministerial working group to implement the
    agreement between the governments of Cambodia and Vietnam on
    bilateral cooperation on the elimination of trafficking in women and
    children and assisting victims of trafficking was established.  In
    November 2006, the Cambodian government, headed by the Ministry of
    Women's Affairs, agreed to establish a single National Task Force to
    implement all agreements and MOUs between the Royal Government of
    Cambodia and other countries on the elimination of trafficking in
    persons and assisting victims of trafficking.

    As part of the UN's Interagency Project on Trafficking in Women and
    Children in the Mekong Sub-Region (Cambodia, China, Laos, Burma,
    Thailand, and Vietnam), the Ministry of Women's Affairs chairs the
    project's Coordination Committee in Cambodia.

    The government currently does not have an active public corruption
    task force.

    National Plan of Action for TIP
    -------------------------------

    2H. Does the government have a national plan of action to address
    trafficking in persons?  If so, which agencies were involved in
    developing it?  Were NGOs consulted in the
    process?  What steps has the government taken to disseminate this
    action plan?

    With the assistance of UNICEF, the Cambodian government, led by the
    Cambodian National Council for Children (CNCC), is currently in the
    process of creating a second five-year National Plan of Action. The
    new plan, meant to cover the period 2006-2010, follows the National
    Plan developed in 1999.  The new plan will harmonize Cambodia's
    ongoing anti-TIP activities with the responsibilities Cambodia
    assumed under the COMMIT MOU of October 2004.  The new plan was
    developed and finalized in 2005, with input from NGOs and
    stakeholders, but is still at the Council of Ministers for final
    review.

    Background: The Cambodian government in 1999 established an
    inter-ministerial body known as the Cambodian National Council for
    Children (CNCC) to address child labor and other related issues; in
    July 1999, the CNCC worked with international and national
    organizations to develop the first national five-year Plan against
    Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children (2000-2004), which
    delineated the responsibilities of nineteen ministries and
    provincial governments.

    The Ministry of Interior in July 2005 also developed an action plan
    to combat human trafficking and exploitation of women and children.
    The MOI's anti-TIP Department started implementing the action plan
    by disseminating the content to local authorities throughout the
    country.  The Deputy Prime Minister/Minister of the Interior called
    in to Phnom Penh all governors, provincial police chiefs and other
    TIP police to brief them on the plan.  During August 2006, Cambodian
    police raided nine brothels in Phnom Penh's Tuol Kork area as part
    of the implementation of this action plan.

    In October 2005, the Cambodian government, represented by the
    Minister of Women's Affairs, Ing Kantha Phavi, signed a Memorandum

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  003 OF 007

    of Understanding with Vietnam to eliminate trafficking in women and
    children and assist victims of trafficking.

    In October 2004, the Cambodian Minister of Social Affairs,
    Ith Sam Heng, signed a memorandum on combating TIP regionally under
    the Coordinated Mekong Inter-Ministerial Initiative on Trafficking
    process (COMMIT).  This memorandum placed Cambodia on a track to
    developing a National Action Plan and taking a regional approach to
    combating TIP.  The National Action Plan identified priority areas
    outlined in the sub-regional plan of action which was adopted in
    Hanoi in 2005; Cambodia has drafted this National Action Plan but it
    has not yet been finalized.  In May 2006, the six governments met in
    Phnom Penh to review their implementation of the Sub-regional Plan
    of Action, which was adopted on Hanoi in 2005.

    Investigation and Prosecution of Traffickers
    --------------------------------------------

    3A.  Does the country have a law specifically prohibiting
    trafficking in persons - both for sexual and non-sexual purposes
    (e.g. forced labor)?  If so, please specifically cite the name of
    the law and its date of enactment.  Does the law(s) cover both
    internal and external (transnational) forms of trafficking? If not,
    under what other laws can traffickers be prosecuted?  For example,
    are there laws against slavery or the exploitation of prostitution
    by means of force, fraud or coercion?  Are these other laws being
    used in trafficking cases?  Are these laws, taken together, adequate
    to cover the full scope of trafficking in persons? Please provide a
    full inventory of trafficking laws, including civil penalties,
    (e.g., civil forfeiture laws and laws against illegal debt).

    The legislation most relevant to TIP is the Law on the Suppression
    of the Kidnapping, Trafficking and Exploitation of Humans, which
    covers both domestic and external (transnational) trafficking
    happening in Cambodia..  Other relevant laws pertain to the
    protection of women and children, and the Labor Law, which prohibits
    debt labor, slavery, and the labor of minors (under 15 years) - the
    latter situation is illegal but has no penalty under the law.  The
    Labor Law also prohibits the hiring of someone to pay off debt.  The
    Law on the Suppression of Kidnapping, Trafficking and Exploitation
    of Human Beings was enacted February 29, 1996.  The Labor Law was
    enacted March 13, 1997.

    According to NGO and government reports, although the Law
    on the Suppression of the Kidnapping, Trafficking and
    Exploitation of Humans is considered a valuable legislative
    instrument regarding sex trafficking, there are many weaknesses in
    its implementation and interpretation.  The law lacks detail and
    contains unclear clauses that make enforcement difficult.
    Corruption and a lack of training, supervision, and resources have
    also led to major flaws in the implementation and effectiveness of
    the law.

    Cambodia's labor laws make child labor under the age of 15 illegal,
    but confusion regarding the issue of parental consent and the lack
    of specific penalties for child labor have prevented successful
    prosecutions of child labor traffickers in Cambodia.

    The Ministry of Justice, with the assistance of the Japanese
    Institute for Legal Development, has drafted a new Anti-Trafficking
    Law that is now at the Ministry of Justice for final review before
    being resubmitted to the Council of Minister.  With the
    recommendations from civil society and the Ministry of Women's
    Affairs, the law has undergone substantial amendment.  The new law
    covers both internal and external trafficking, and has
    extraterritorial jurisdiction.  Effective implementation will
    require comprehensive training of judges, prosecutors, and police in
    the provisions of the new law.  This will be especially important if
    penalties under the new law remain as currently drafted: giving
    significant discretion in sentencing to judges.  The Australian
    Government, through AUSAID, plans to provide training through its
    Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project (ARTIP).

    Penalties for Sexual and Labor Exploitation
    -------------------------------------------

    3B.  What are the penalties for trafficking people for sexual
    exploitation?

    The Law on the Suppression of the Kidnapping, Trafficking
    and Exploitation of Humans includes a jail sentence of
    15 to 20 years for any person convicted of sex trafficking
    persons under 15 years of age; the penalty is from 10 to
    15 years for sex trafficking of persons over the age of 15.
    This law allows for the prosecution of traffickers as well

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  004 OF 007

    as other exploiters, such as facilitators, pimps, and brothel
    owners.

    3C. Punishment of labor trafficking offenses: What are the
    prescribed and imposed penalties for trafficking for labor
    exploitation such as forced or bonded labor and involuntary
    servitude?  Do the government's laws provide for criminal punishment
    -- i.e., jail time -- for labor recruiters in labor source countries
    who engage in recruitment of laborers using knowingly fraudulent or
    deceptive offers that result in workers being exploited in the
    destination country?  For employers or labor agents in labor
    destination countries who confiscate workers' passports or travel
    documents, switch contracts without the worker's consent as a means
    to keep the worker in a state of service, or withhold payment of
    salaries as means of keeping the worker in a state of service?  If
    law(s) prescribe criminal punishments for these offenses, what are
    the actual punishments imposed on persons convicted of these
    offenses?

    According to Article 368 of the Labor Law, employers who employ
    children less than 18 years of age are liable to a fine of 31-60
    days of the base daily wage.  For the hiring of someone to pay off
    debt, the penalty is a fine of 61-90 days of the base daily wage.
    However, there are no cases of these laws being used to prosecute
    traffickers of children under the Labor Law, and lawyers have
    claimed it is not feasible to prosecute traffickers under this law.

    Labor export companies are licensed by the government to export
    Cambodian laborers to countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and South
    Korea.  There were reports of these workers falling victim to
    trafficking due to the exploitative conditions in destination
    countries, especially Malaysia, and a lack of monitoring and
    protection in the source country.  The labor export companies and
    the Cambodian Ministry of Labor acknowledge that the recruiting
    agents often retain workers' passports upon arrival in Thailand and
    Malaysia to prevent loss.  There were no cases of labor agents being
    held responsible for the exploitation of workers, or prosecuted in
    the courts of law.

    Penalties for Rape or Forcible Sexual Assault
    ---------------------------------------------

    3D.  What are the prescribed penalties for rape or forcible sexual
    assault?  How do they compare to the prescribed and imposed penalty
    for sex trafficking?

    Rape is a criminal offense, and punishable by a 5-10 year prison
    sentence, according to Article 33 of the UNTAC Law.  Although
    Cambodia's penal code provides penalties for rape, convictions are
    often not rendered due to the weak judicial system.  The penalty for
    sex trafficking of children under the age of 15 is punishable by
    sentences of between 15 to 20 years in prison; and for persons over
    the age of 15, the penalty is 10 to 15 years in prison.

    Prostitution:  Legalized or Decriminalized
    ------------------------------------------

    3E. Is prostitution legalized or decriminalized? Specifically, are
    the activities of the prostitute
    criminalized?  Are the activities of the brothel owner/operator,
    clients, pimps, and enforcers criminalized? Are these laws enforced?
     If prostitution is legal and regulated, what is the legal minimum
    age for this activity? Note that in many countries with federalist
    systems, prostitution laws may be covered by state, local, and
    provincial authorities.

    Prostitution in Cambodia has not been legalized, but the activities
    of prostitutes are not criminalized.  The 1996 Law on the
    Suppression of the Kidnapping, Trafficking and Exploitation of
    Humans allows for prosecution of exploiters of persons for sex work,
    such as facilitators, pimps, human traffickers, and brothel owners,
    with a punishment of 5 to 10 years if the exploited prostitute is an
    adult.  The penalty is doubled in cases of minors.  Prostitutes may
    not be prosecuted for engaging in voluntary sex work.  As applied to
    traffickers and other exploiters of persons for the sex trade, these
    laws are being enforced.  Under Cambodian law, the legal age of
    consent to sexual activity is 15, which is why penalties for
    offenses differ depending on the age of the victim.

    Government Prosecution of Traffickers
    -------------------------------------

    3F.  Has the Government prosecuted any cases against traffickers?
    If so, provide the numbers of investigations, prosecutions,

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  005 OF 007

    convictions, and sentences, including details
    on plea bargains and fines, if relevant and available.  Does the
    government in a labor source country criminally prosecute labor
    recruiters who recruit laborers using knowingly fraudulent or
    deceptive offers or impose on recruited laborers inappropriately
    high or illegal fees or commissions that create a debt bondage
    condition for the laborer?  Does the government in a labor
    destination country criminally prosecute employers or labor agents
    who confiscate workers' passports/travel documents, switch contacts
    or terms of employment without the workers' consent, use physical or
    sexual abuse or the threat of such abuse to keep workers in a state
    of service, or withhold payment of salaries as a means to keep
    workers in a state of service?  Are the traffickers serving the time
    sentenced:  If not, why not?  Please indicate whether the government
    can provide this information, and if not, why not?

    From 1996-1999, the Cambodian government arrested 342 offenders of
    sexual exploitation and trafficking.  From 2000-2004, the
    government's arrest record increased to 1,009 offenders, due to the
    formation on May 13, 2002 of the Ministry of Interior's
    Anti-Trafficking Unit.  The Unit consists of seven bureaus in major
    provinces and urban areas, as well as a section within the police
    departments of other provinces.

    The Ministry of Interior Department of Anti-Trafficking and
    Juvenile Protection reported 49 cases of human trafficking,
    involving 65 perpetrators, between March 2005 to January 2006, and
    ten convictions, with penalties ranging from one to 18 years.
    Police also reported the arrests of 62 pimps and accomplices, and
    convictions in two cases.  The rest are in pretrial detention.
    Thirteen foreigners were arrested for debauchery during the same
    period. Three were convicted, with sentences ranging between one to
    18 years in prison, while 2 Americans are in U.S. custody.

    In 2006, police arrested 91 perpetrators for human trafficking,
    debauchery and pimping, while Cambodian courts convicted 62
    offenders.

    It should be noted that the statistics below may overlap, as a
    consolidated database on trafficking is yet to be available;
    statistics are only representative of the work of each institution.

    The Ministry of Justice is unable to provide reliable statistics
    given its limited resources and means of communication with the
    provinces.  Statistics from the Phnom Penh Municipal Court have the
    court receiving 51 trafficking cases during the reporting period.
    Out of those cases, the court tried 37 cases resulting in the
    conviction of 53 perpetrators, with penalties ranging from five to
    24 years.

    AFESIP reported the arrests of 21 suspects and convictions of 28
    traffickers in 2006, with penalties ranging between one and 19
    years, and civil compensation of between three and ten million riels
    (USD 750- USD 2,500).  Twelve other trials during the year resulted
    in the reinvestigation of the case or acquittal due to lack of
    evidence.

    There are no known cases of prosecution of labor recruiters whose
    companies are involved in labor trafficking.  NGOs reported thirteen
    exploitative labor cases involving legal migrants to Malaysia ending
    up in exploitative circumstances, but the companies usually paid
    compensation to the victims and avoided formal remedies.

    During a raid on September 7, 2005 of the Chhay Hour II Hotel,
    police arrested six persons and rescued three minors.  On February
    17, 2006, the Phnom Penh Municipal Court sentenced two women to ten
    years for human trafficking and two managers of the Chhay Hour II
    Hotel to four years each for colluding in and providing a venue for
    human trafficking.  In the fall of 2006 an Appeals Court decision
    allegedly led to the release of the Chhay Hour II owner and manager.
     In February 2007, police conducted another raid of the hotel, which
    was renamed the Leang Hour, and rearrested the two original
    detainees along with two additional managers.

    Traffickers generally serve the time sentenced.

    Who are the Traffickers?
    ------------------------

    3G.  Is there any information or reports of who is behind the
    trafficking?  For example, are the traffickers freelance operators,
    small crime groups, and/or large international organized crime
    syndicates?  Are employment, travel and tourism agencies or marriage
    brokers fronting for traffickers or crime groups to traffic

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  006 OF 007

    individuals?  Are government official involved?  Are there any
    reports of where profits from trafficking in persons are being
    channeled? (e.g., armed groups, terrorist organizations, judges,
    banks, etc.)

    Reliable information regarding traffickers is difficult to obtain
    and substantiate.  Children trafficked to Thailand for begging are
    generally recruited by neighbors who then provide the children to
    Thai traffickers after they have crossed the border.  Children
    trafficked to Vietnam to beg most often stay with their Cambodian
    trafficker (often someone from their village) while in Vietnam
    before being returned to their parents at the end of the contract.

    In Cambodia, interviews with rescued victims suggest that the
    trafficking system is not highly organized and many victims know
    those involved in trafficking.  According to the International
    Justice Mission, two-thirds of the traffickers are women operating
    small-scale brothel businesses (between five-ten women).

    Traffickers bringing Vietnamese girls for the sex trade in Cambodia
    or transiting for onward trafficking to a neighboring country appear
    to have more sophisticated networks.  NGOs that interview rescued
    trafficked victims report that the trafficking of Vietnamese women
    to Cambodia and Thailand is more organized and involves Vietnamese
    criminal groups.  Cambodians trafficked for sex to Thailand are
    often sold by brothel owners after first having been trafficked
    internally in Cambodia.  There are a growing number of cases of
    Cambodian women being trafficked for sex to Malaysia via Thailand,
    but the police have only apprehended individual traffickers who are
    not part of a larger organization.  NGOs, however, claim that
    victims' interviews suggest that Vietnamese gangs and Chinese-Malay
    criminal groups are involved in the trafficking.

    In general, trafficking of Cambodian women for sex within Cambodia
    also is informally organized, with traffickers often convincing
    girls to go with them to Phnom Penh for legitimate employment.  In
    other cases, friends, boyfriends, or relatives may engage in
    trafficking/selling a woman to a brothel.  While there are numerous
    venues in Phnom Penh where there are suspected TIP victims, there is
    no evidence to indicate that girls were procured through a single
    trafficking network.  The role of organized trafficking in Cambodia
    remains unclear, and prosecutions have focused on single
    individuals.

    There have been reports that police and government
    officials, including high-ranking government officials or
    their family members, operated, had a stake in, were clients of, or
    received protection money from brothels which housed trafficking
    victims, including underage sex workers.  The police have been able
    to apprehend low-ranking police or military police officers running
    brothel business.  NGOs working with trafficked victims reported
    that border officials in Thailand and Malaysia may be involved in
    trafficking as the victims reported seeing the officials demanding
    unofficial fees at border crossings. Spouses of police officials
    have also been reported to be running travel agencies involved in
    trafficking women and girls throughout Southeast Asia.

    Information regarding profits from trafficking in persons is poorly
    understood; however, a study on the impact of closing Svay Pak,
    conducted by AidTous, estimated that 10 to 20 children between the
    ages of 10 and 12 could bring in approximately USD 1,000 per night
    for their pimps, who in turn allegedly paid between USD 200 and 300
    (or about USD 80,000 annually) to police for protection.

    Government Investigations of Trafficking Cases
    --------------------------------------------- -

    3H.  Does the government actively investigate cases of trafficking?
    (Again, the focus should be on trafficking cases versus migrant
    smuggling cases.)  Does the government use active investigative
    techniques in trafficking in persons investigations?  To the extent
    possible under domestic law, are techniques such as electronic
    surveillance, undercover operations, and mitigated punishment or
    immunity for cooperating suspects used by the government?  Does the
    criminal procedure code or other laws prohibit the police from
    engaging in covert operations?

    Police raids on brothels are common, and Cambodian law enforcement
    officials often work in concert with civil society to investigate
    trafficking cases and rescue people at risk.  Under the LEASEC
    project, a group of four international NGOs/IOs has supported the
    Ministry of Interior in developing special Anti-Trafficking and
    Juvenile Protection police units, and set up a hot line against
    child sexual exploitation that also handles trafficking cases.

    PHNOM PENH 00000351  007 OF 007

    The International Justice Mission (IJM) has provided training
    sessions to the police in Phnom Penh, and conducted undercover
    operations to obtain evidence for successful prosecutions of
    traffickers.  IJM searches brothels for underage girls and
    trafficking victims, cooperates with police to conducts raids and
    removes the victims.  The Cambodian police have also worked closely
    with the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in
    investigating pedophilia cases for prosecution in the United States
    under the PROTECT Act.  Cambodian law allows for the use of
    undercover investigation and covert operations.  In September 2006,
    the Cambodian National Police signed an MOU with IJM allowing the
    latter to use undercover agents, undercover video and to pose as
    customers to investigate trafficking cases.

    Cambodia generally lacks the training and other resources to use
    electronic surveillance or sophisticated equipment to investigate
    cases, as well as the planning skills needed to conduct
    comprehensive undercover investigations.

    Government-Sponsored Anti-Trafficking Training
    --------------------------------------------- -

    3I.  Does the government provide any specialized training for
    government officials in how to recognize, investigate, and prosecute
    instances of trafficking?

    The government, in cooperation with national and international
    organizations and businesses such as IJM, LEASEC, ARCPPT and
    Microsoft, conducted training for police officers on investigation
    techniques, surveillance, case preparation and management of
    trafficking cases.  So far,  5,737 police officers have attended
    specialized training courses, workshops and conferences, and
    meetings on human trafficking and law enforcement.

    UNICEF has supported the Cambodian Bar Association in the past to
    train lawyers of the Legal Aid Department in children's rights and
    to build their capacity in representing children.  The government
    relies heavily on training assistance from foreign governments,
    international organizations and NGOs.  Cambodian law enforcement
    officials have participated in training at the International Law
    Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Bangkok.

    CAMPBELL

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