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### Viewing cable 05BRASILIA1325, BRAZILIAN INDIANS DEMAND RIGHTS, FAULT GOB FOR

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
05BRASILIA1325 | 2005-05-18 19:19 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Brasilia

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 02 BRASILIA 001325

    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: PGOV PHUM PNAT SOCI BR TIP
    SUBJECT: BRAZILIAN INDIANS DEMAND RIGHTS, FAULT GOB FOR
    POOR INDIGENOUS POLICIES

    REF: A. BRASILIA 941

         ¶B. BRASILIA 985
         ¶C. BRASILIA 1000

    ¶1. (U) Summary.  In his September 2002 "Commitment to the
    Indigenous Peoples of Brazil," then-candidate Lula da Silva
    recognized past GOB policy errors on indigenous issues and
    pledged to create "a coherent indigenous policy" to address
    land and other human rights issues.  During Lula's first two
    and a half years in office, however, there have been no
    indications that his administration has created a coherent
    nationwide policy to address indigenous needs.  A number of
    eligible areas await demarcation to become indigenous
    territory but problems within the GOB's National Indian
    Foundation (FUNAI) have made it difficult to process claims
    quickly.  The "Indigenous April" campaign and a recently
    published Amnesty International (AI) report criticized the
    GOB's lack of a clear indigenous policy and its failure to
    demarcate land.  End Summary.

    The Demarcation Process and Indigenous Rights to Land
    --------------------------------------------- --------
    ¶2. (U) Approximately 400,000 indigenous people from 215
    different "nations" live in Brazil.  Although the Brazilian
    indigenous population makes up .03% of the population, they
    are constitutionally entitled to 11% of the land.  The 1988
    Constitution guarantees indigenous people the right to live
    on or own land they traditionally occupied before the
    formation of the Brazilian state or government.

    ¶3. (U) The process to turn land into an indigenous reserve,
    or demarcation, requires that anthropologists and surveyors
    verify that indigenous people have historically occupied an
    area.  The demarcation process is laboriously slow and it
    usually takes years, if not decades, to settle a claim.  In
    public documents, the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI),
    which is responsible for coordinating GOB indigenous policy,
    admits that there are problems within the bureaucratic
    process but claims that underfunding, understaffing,
    corruption, and internal conflicts make it difficult to
    quickly process claims.

    ¶4. (U) The GOB has declared that 580 that indigenous
    territories are eligible for demarcation under the 1988
    Constitution.  Of these, 340 are awaiting "ratification"
    while an additional 139 territories need "verification," two
    different steps in the long process.  Justice Minister Marcio
    Thomaz Bastos pledged to complete the demarcation process for
    the remaining 139 territories before the end of 2006.  Given
    the lengthy demarcation process and the GOB's past history on
    demarcation, representatives from the Forum in Defense of
    Indigenous Rights (FDDI), a group consisting of seven
    different indigenous and pro-indigenous rights organizations,
    doubt that GOB will meet this goal.  (Note:  On April 18,
    President Lula signed a decree to create Raposa Serra Do Sol,
    an Amazonian Indian reserve, in northern Brazil.  Post will
    report septel.  End Note)

    "Indigenous April"
    ------------------
    ¶5. (U) The FDDI launched "Indigenous April," a month long
    nationwide indigenous rights campaign to criticize the GOB's
    lack of a clear indigenous policy and its failure to quickly
    demarcate land.  In a number of public forums and press
    releases, indigenous leaders announced that "President Lula
    was one of the worst Presidents to guarantee indigenous
    rights since the end of the military regime in 1985," and
    faulted Lula's administration for demarcating the least
    amount of indigenous land since the end of military rule in
    ¶1985.  They further demanded an immediate end to violence and
    access to food, health care, and other social services on
    reservations.

    ¶6. (U) During the month, indigenous leaders released a
    "Manifesto Against the Indian Policy of the Government" to
    demand that the GOB create a National Council for Indigenous
    Policies and immediately demarcate eleven pending claims.
    The Manifesto further declared that the GOB is an
    "anti-indigenous government" that "offers privileges to
    colonial and non-indigenous cultures" during demarcation and
    other judicial proceedings.

    ¶7. (U) On April 19, in celebration of Indigenous Peoples Day,
    Lula asked for "patience" from indigenous people while FUNAI
    worked to improve living conditions and demarcate land.  Lula
    declared that his "moral promise" to the indigenous
    population not only included land demarcation, but the
    creation of social programs on indigenous reservations and
    communities as well.  Justice Minister Bastos relayed Lula's
    comments but went a step further by asking for forgiveness
    from the indigenous community for the treatment they have
    received from the GOB throughout history.  Indigenous April
    ended with a week long sit-in on the main Esplanade in
    Brasilia, Federal District from April 24 to May 3.

    AI Report on Indigenous Living Conditions
    -----------------------------------------
    ¶8. (U) Amnesty International (AI) recently published a report
    entitled "Foreigners in our Own Country: Indigenous Peoples
    in Brazil" that criticized the GOB's lack of a clear
    indigenous policy and assessed living conditions among
    Brazil's indigenous population.  In the report, AI stated
    that indigenous people continue to be victims of attacks,
    killings, and other forms of discrimination and the GOB has
    failed to meet its international and constitutional
    obligations.  The report supported indigenous claims that
    GOB's failure to demarcate indigenous territories and the
    slow demarcation process contributed to violence, racial
    discrimination, and other human rights abuses.  In
    territories where federal protection was needed, the GOB has
    failed to take action despite warnings from the OAS and other
    international organizations, AI reported.

    ¶9. (U) According to AI, living conditions on reservations and
    other indigenous communities are plagued with malnutrition,
    poor health care, violence, alcoholism, and suicide.  Infant
    mortality rates have increased sharply this year.  AI and the
    indigenous community blamed the GOB for the malnutrition
    deaths of 21 Guarani-Kaiowa indigenous children living on
    reservations since January.  (Note: Sao Paulo will provide
    more information septel.  End note.)  The Brazilian National
    Health Foundation (FUNASA) accredited the high infant
    mortality rate to structural social and economic problems
    within the Guarani-Kaiowa community and their inability to
    access indigenous lands.  FUNAI blamed the deaths on an
    increase in the number of births on the Guarani-Kaiowa
    reservation.

    ¶10. (U) In response to AI's report, the GOB admitted that it
    had been negligent in protecting indigenous rights but had
    made progress on its indigenous policies.  The GOB noted that
    Lula has recognized 43 indigenous territories and reserved
    12% of Brazil's territory for indigenous reserves since he
    took power in 2003.  Indigenous Missionary Council
    Vice-President Saulo Freitosa refuted this claim and
    presented documents to the media to show that since 2003, the
    GOB has only recognized 13 Indian ancestral lands, not 43.
    (Note: The Indigenous Missionary Council is an Indigenous
    Rights NGO sponsored by the Catholic Church.  End note.)

    Comment
    -------
    ¶11. (SBU) Indigenous April demonstrated the high degree of
    frustration in the indigenous community with sub-standard
    living conditions on reservations, and with the GOB's
    lumbering pace in the demarcation of land.  AI's report
    offered further proof that Brazil's indigenous population
    deserves more attention from the GOB.  Without more political
    and economic clout, however, it remains to be seen whether
    Brazil's indigenous population will ever receive the land and
    other entitlements they are guaranteed under the 1988
    Constitution.

    DANILOVICH

`