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### Viewing cable 06KUALALUMPUR372, MALAYSIA SIXTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
06KUALALUMPUR372 | 2006-03-03 08:29 | 2011-07-01 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Appears in these articles: http://malaysia-today.net/mtcolumns/41494-wikileaks-malaysias-sixth-annual-trafficking-in-persons-report

`

    VZCZCXRO6355
    PP RUEHCHI RUEHCN RUEHDT RUEHHM
    DE RUEHKL #0372/01 0620829
    ZNR UUUUU ZZH
    P 030829Z MAR 06
    FM AMEMBASSY KUALA LUMPUR
    TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 6067
    INFO RUEHZS/ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
    RUEHOO/CHINA POSTS COLLECTIVE
    RUEAHLC/HOMELAND SECURITY CENTER WASHINGTON DC
    RUEAWJA/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHDC
    RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHDC
    RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASH DC

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 13 KUALA LUMPUR 000372

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE
    SIPDIS

    DEPT FOR G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, PRM, IWI, EAP/RSP

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: PHUM KCRM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB MY
    SUBJECT: MALAYSIA SIXTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT

    REF: A. STATE 3836

         ¶B. 05 KUALA LUMPUR 3792

    ¶1. (SBU) SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION:  Malaysia is a destination
    and, to a lesser extent, a transit country for men and women
    trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced
    labor.  Women from the People's Republic of China, Indonesia,
    Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam are trafficked to Malaysia
    for commercial sexual exploitation.  Additionally, some
    economic migrants from countries in the region who work as
    domestic servants and as laborers in the construction and
    agricultural sectors face exploitative conditions in Malaysia
    that meet the definition of involuntary servitude.

    ¶2. (SBU) There are no reliable statistics revealing the total
    number of women trafficked into Malaysia.  Foreign embassies
    and NGOs report that in 2005, at least 500 trafficking
    victims were rescued and repatriated.  During the first nine
    months of 2005, over 4,600 foreign women were arrested and
    detained for prostitution, compared with over 5,700 arrested
    during all of 2004.  According to the government-funded
    National Human Rights Commission (Suhakam), a significant
    number of these women were probable TIP victims.

    ¶3. (SBU) The government recognizes that trafficking is a
    problem and has taken significant steps to combat it.  Senior
    officials have expressed their support for anti-TIP programs,
    including comprehensive anti-TIP legislation and TIP victim
    identification training for police and immigration officials.
     In November 2004, the government signed an ASEAN declaration
    calling for greater regional cooperation against trafficking
    in persons.  In December 2004, the government hosted the
    signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with eight other
    ASEAN countries to improve regional cooperation and
    prosecution of transnational criminal activities including
    trafficking.  Also in December, the women's affairs minister
    announced her intent to establish of the first shelter
    specifically for foreign women who are victims of trafficking.

    ¶4. (SBU) Government implementation of these steps has lagged,
    however.  According to Suhakam, the government has not
    significantly improved its anti-TIP actions since late-2004.
    Malaysia lacks comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation
    that would enable officials to identify and shelter victims,
    and to prosecute traffickers under a single criminal statute.
     The government has not taken the legal steps necessary to
    establish the government-run shelter announced by the women's
    minister.  While final statistics for 2005 are not yet
    available, convictions of traffickers under the penal code
    are down from the previous year.

    ¶5. (SBU) The government should draft and enact a
    comprehensive trafficking law that recognizes trafficked men
    and women as victims and provides them with shelter,
    counseling and repatriation assistance.  The government
    should also systematically screen foreign prostitutes and
    illegal migrants, in order to identify and provide care for
    trafficking victims in their midst.  In addition, the
    Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (MWFCD)
    should fulfill its December 2004 undertaking to establish one
    or more dedicated shelters for foreign trafficking victims.

    ¶6. (SBU) The Embassy has urged the MWFCD to establish one or
    more shelters and stronger legal protections for victims of
    trafficking.  We are encouraging the ILO and other
    international NGOs to be more proactive in TIP programs in
    Malaysia and are partnering with local NGOs to expand the
    infrastructure and resources required to respond effectively
    to the needs of victims.  We have also offered to provide the
    USG's TIP victim identification expertise to police and
    immigration officials.  The response from the Malaysian
    government to these proposed initiatives has been positive
    and cooperative.

    ¶7. (SBU) We believe that the government of Malaysia does not
    fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination
    of trafficking.  The Malaysians have made significant efforts
    in previous years to bring themselves into compliance with
    minimum standards.  However, they have not provided evidence
    of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking
    over the previous year.  We therefore recommend that Malaysia
    be moved from Tier 2 to Tier 2 Watch List in the 2006
    Trafficking in Persons Report.  The placing of Malaysia on
    the Watch List should assist us in communicating to the
    government of this moderate, Muslim-majority democracy the
    importance with which we regard the need for it to continue
    to address its trafficking issues.  End Summary and
    Introduction.

    ¶8. (U) Embassy's submission for the 6th Annual Trafficking in
    Persons (TIP) Report for Malaysia follows.  Responses are
    keyed to paras 21-25 of ref A.  Embassy's point of contact
    for TIP is political officer Jeffrey Hilsgen (phone:
    603-2168-4831, fax: 603-2168-5165, email:
    hilsgenjg@state.gov).  Per the request in para 20 of Reftel,
    to date the Embassy has spent the following time on the TIP
    report: FS-1: 12 hours; FS-4: 75 hours; FSN: 10 hours.

    ¶9.  CHECKLIST (PARA 21)
    -----------------------

    ¶A.    A. (SBU) Malaysia is a target destination for crime
    syndicates trafficking women and girls into the country for
    the sex trade.  To a much lesser extent, Malaysia is also a
    country of origin and transit.  While there are no reliable
    statistics revealing the total number of women trafficked
    into the country, estimates can be made drawing from
    different sources.  Foreign embassies and NGOs report that in
    2005, at least 500 trafficking victims were rescued and
    repatriated.  During the first nine months of 2005, 4,678
    foreign women were arrested and detained for suspected
    involvement in prostitution, compared with 5,783 arrested
    during all of 2004.  Chinese nationals accounted for the
    largest percentage of such arrests (more than 40%), followed
    by nationals of Indonesia (25%), Thailand (17%) and the
    Philippines (10%).  According to the government-funded
    National Human Rights Commission (Suhakam) and involved NGOs,
    a significant number of these women were probable TIP
    victims.

    (SBU) While little verifiable information exists regarding
    the number of Malaysian women trafficked to other countries,
    the GOM claims that no Malaysian women were trafficked
    outside the country in 2004 (the latest period they
    reviewed).  GOM statistics state that 20 Malaysian women were
    arrested in 2004 for immigration violations in various
    countries.  According to the GOM, none of the women claimed
    to be trafficking victims or gave any indications they had
    been trafficked.  Our conversations with local NGOs indicate
    that fewer than 100 Malaysian women are trafficked abroad
    each year, and that the number has declined in recent years.

    (SBU) Our sources of information on TIP in Malaysia include
    the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), the Attorney General's
    Chambers, the Immigration Department, the Ministry of Home
    Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Security, the Ministry of
    Foreign Affairs (MFA), the Ministry of Women, Family and
    Community Development (MWFCD), the Malaysian Chinese
    Association (MCA, an ethnic-Chinese political party in the
    ruling coalition), Suhakam, several foreign diplomatic
    missions, and a number of local NGOs, including the Malaysian
    Bar Council.  These sources were forthcoming with credible
    information on TIP.

    ¶B. (SBU) Malaysia is a destination and, to a far lesser
    extent, a transit country for men and women trafficked for
    the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor.
    Collectively, as many as several thousand women from the
    People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines
    and Vietnam are trafficked to Malaysia for commercial sexual
    exploitation.  Additionally, some economic migrants from
    countries in the region who work as domestic servants and as
    laborers in the construction and agricultural sectors face
    exploitative conditions in Malaysia that meet the definition
    of involuntary servitude.

    (SBU) A small number of Malaysians are trafficked annually to
    other countries, though recent data suggest that the number
    has decreased to negligible levels.  According to NGO
    sources, young Malaysian ethnic Chinese women are the primary
    targets of traffickers recruiting prostitutes in Malaysia.
    For religious and/or cultural reasons, trafficking of ethnic
    Malay or ethnic Indian women is infrequent.  According to
    most reports, Malaysian Chinese women are lured by word of
    mouth and by personal contacts connected to mainland Chinese
    criminal syndicates with international connections.  Promises
    of high-paying jobs and freedom from the restrictions of
    Malaysia's generally conservative society are the main
    motivating factors.

    (SBU) During meetings with senior USG representatives in
    2005, Malaysian government officials expressed strong support
    for combating trafficking in persons.  While the government
    views the issue of trafficking both as a stand-alone problem
    and as part of the larger challenge of border security and
    illegal migration, Malaysia does not fully comply with the
    minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.
    According to the government funded National Human Rights
    Commission (Suhakam), the government has not significantly
    improved its anti-TIP actions since Suhakam's publication in
    January 2005 of a national plan of action to combat
    trafficking.  The government has taken steps to combat
    trafficking and has a broad array of criminal laws available
    to it to deter and punish traffickers, but Malaysia lacks
    comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that would enable
    officials to identify victims, shelter them, and prosecute
    traffickers under a single criminal statute.  Compared to
    2004, prosecutions and convictions of traffickers under the
    penal code declined during the first nine months of 2005.

    (SBU) The majority of persons trafficked into Malaysia for
    sexual exploitation come from China, Indonesia and Thailand,
    with smaller numbers coming from the Philippines, Vietnam,
    India and Cambodia, Burma and Laos.  Anecdotal evidence
    indicates that numbers of victims coming from neighboring
    ASEAN countries have remained relatively constant over the
    last few years.  The number and patterns of victims coming
    from source countries tend to reflect GOM immigration and
    visa policies.  For example, China has grown as a source
    country in recent years due to a more liberal Malaysian visa
    policy that reflects growing economic ties and GOM efforts to
    encourage tourism and university enrollment from Chinese
    students.  China has become the largest and fastest-growing
    source country for prostitutes in Malaysia; many of these
    Chinese women and girls are likely TIP victims.

    (SBU) The Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) compiles statistics on
    arrests of foreign women with suspected involvement in
    prostitution, broken down by nationality.  The Immigration
    Department's enforcement division also collects data on
    trafficking cases.  Malaysian authorities do not adequately
    distinguish illegal migrants from trafficking victims.  Law
    enforcement officials assert that the great majority of the
    foreign women arrested for prostitution in Malaysia entered
    the country voluntarily and with valid travel documents.
    However, surveys by Suhakam and interviews with Indonesian,
    Thai and Philippine embassy officials indicate that as many
    as fifty percent of foreign women arrested for prostitution
    are possible trafficking victims.  According to the Thai
    embassy's anti-TIP officer, nearly all of the Thai women
    arrested for prostitution claim to be TIP victims during
    interviews conducted by embassy officials.

    (SBU) To avoid detection by law enforcement authorities,
    trafficking victims engaged in prostitution are often
    confined to the premises of their establishments, whether it
    is a place of entertainment or a privately owned apartment or
    home.  Some women are taken out under strict supervision to
    meet customers at hotels or private residences.  Trafficking
    victims are kept compliant through involuntary confinement,
    confiscation of travel documents, debt bondage, and physical
    abuse or threat of abuse, according to NGO representatives,
    academics, and foreign consuls.

    (SBU) In terms of prevention, in 2002 and 2003 the government
    took steps to toughen the criteria for young foreigners
    seeking student visas, to monitor individuals with student
    visas more carefully to ensure they were actually attending
    school, and to scrutinize more closely young foreign women
    entering the country on special two week "social passes."  It
    has also stepped up border detection for smuggling, illegal
    migration, and drug and people trafficking.

    (SBU) There is no evidence of widespread tolerance or
    complicity in TIP by government authorities, though
    accusations of more general corruption, particularly at the
    local police and immigration levels, exist.  Foreign
    diplomatic missions report good cooperation on TIP from law
    enforcement authorities at the federal level, but some NGOs
    have alleged that outside of Kuala Lumpur they have received
    less cooperation.  Several NGOs report that that police
    cooperation with NGOs and other groups against traffickers
    has improved.

    ¶C. (SBU) Government resources are overwhelmed by the sheer
    magnitude of illegal migrants entering the country.  Analysts
    estimate that over one million illegal migrants live in
    Malaysia.  Law enforcement agencies lack adequate resources
    to deal with the influx, and criminal syndicates have been
    quick to exploit this weakness.  TIP victims are lost in the
    crowd of illegal migrants from China, Indonesia and Thailand.
     The Indonesian embassy estimates that only a small minority
    of the 70,000 Indonesian workers in Sabah are legally
    registered with the GOM.  Immigration authorities say they do
    not have the manpower or language resources to question and
    distinguish trafficking victims from illegal migrants, or to
    properly assist them when they are identified.  The NGO
    community is small, poorly funded, and often does not have
    the capacity to provide for victims even when the police seek
    their assistance.

    ¶D. (SBU) Suhakam in 2004 conducted a comprehensive review of
    Malaysia's response to TIP.  A 159-page report published in
    January 2005 included interviews with victims, police,
    immigration, prison authorities, ministries involved in TIP,
    the Attorney General, foreign embassies, NGOs and IOs.  The
    report called for wide-ranging measures to combat trafficking
    and a more human rights-centered approach for protecting
    victims.  The report was widely publicized in the local media
    and generated positive commentary from the public, NGOs and
    government officials.  The state-influenced media gives
    extensive coverage to law enforcement raids against brothels,
    massage parlors, and other locales where foreign women and
    their pimps have been arrested for suspected involvement in
    prostitution.  The government does not systematically publish
    detailed statistics about its arrests, prosecutions and
    convictions of pimps and traffickers.  The GOM has provided
    this and related information to the Embassy upon request. The
    government has also provided a detailed written response to
    our annual trafficking in persons report.

    ¶10. PREVENTION (PARA 22)
    ------------------------

    ¶A. (SBU) In 2004 the government signed the ASEAN Ministerial
    Declaration against Trafficking in Persons.  Government
    officials regularly acknowledge that Malaysia is a
    destination and transit country and assert that they are
    committed to combat TIP comprehensively.  They view
    trafficking as a problem connected to organized crime,
    prostitution, smuggling and illegal migration, and recognize
    that many young foreign women involved in prostitution in
    Malaysia are victims of TIP.  However, some also assert that
    many prostitutes working in Malaysia are here out of choice
    and that these women should be prosecuted as such and
    deported as illegal migrants.  Government officials have
    expressed concern that some women willingly involved in vice
    claim to be TIP victims when arrested.  The government
    acknowledges that it has difficulty in distinguishing TIP
    victims from foreign sex workers who entered Malaysia
    willingly, as many of these women do not speak Bahasa or
    English and choose not to file charges against their
    traffickers.

    ¶B. (SBU) The RMP, the Immigration Department, the Ministry of
    Home Affairs, the MWFCD, the MFA, and the Attorney General's
    office are the government agencies involved in
    anti-trafficking efforts.  Suhakam, which is funded by the
    government, and the MCA, the second-largest party in the
    governing coalition, are also active in anti-TIP efforts.

    ¶C. (SBU) MCA publishes warnings in its Chinese-language
    publications and makes public statements to caution potential
    victims about overly lucrative job offers abroad.  The MCA
    reported that the number of Chinese victims seeking
    assistance from its offices declined to 39 in 2005, compared
    with 56 in 2004 and 75 in 2003.  The government has not
    directly sponsored anti-trafficking campaigns.

    ¶D. (SBU) The government supports some trafficking prevention
    programs.  Currently, the MWFCD operates "rehabilitation"
    homes for women and girls (under 18) who have been determined
    by the courts or their families to be at risk of engaging in
    prostitution or other vice activities.

    (SBU) Malaysian women comprise more than half of the
    university student population, account for 44% of the
    nation's labor force, and hold significant high-profile
    positions in government, NGOs and the private sector.  In
    2004, the Ministry of Women's Affairs and Family Development
    was merged with the Ministry for Social Welfare to create an
    expanded Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development.
     The women's affairs minister secured passage in August 2001
    of a constitutional amendment barring sex discrimination.  In
    2004, a women NGO activist who maintains a shelter for abused
    women and TIP victims was appointed to the royal commission
    on police reform.

    (SBU) In 2004, Suhakam drafted a TIP national plan of action
    with support from the IOM.  Among other things, the plan
    recommended that the government fund shelters for foreign TIP
    victims that include reintegration programs.  In December
    2004, the women's affairs minister announced the cabinet's
    approval to open a shelter specifically for "foreign women
    who are victims of trafficking."  Prime Minister Abdullah
    attended the announcement, signaling his support.  The
    women's minister subsequently informed us that amendments to
    existing laws, or a new comprehensive anti-TIP law, had to be
    enacted prior to government establishment of a TIP victim
    shelter; current laws do not distinguish between TIP victims
    and illegal migrants engaged in vice activities.  In 2005,
    the MWFCD discussed launching a nationwide campaign in
    collaboration with various NGOs to increase public awareness
    on trafficking through seminars, workshops and dissemination
    of brochures.  The campaign is supposed to target youths and
    school children and serve as a capacity-building program for
    law enforcement and policy makers to heighten their awareness
    of the problem.  It has not yet been launched.

    ¶F. (SBU) Government and NGO cooperation on trafficking is
    uneven and ad hoc, both because the government does not have
    established procedures for handling trafficking victims and
    because NGOs do not have the resources to care for more than
    a few victims at any given time.  In some cases victims are
    released into the custody of their embassies, which maintain
    limited shelter capabilities.  In other cases, police ask
    private shelters run by NGOs to accept TIP victims.  Foreign
    embassies and several NGOs report good cooperation with
    police and immigration officials in securing immigration
    passes and shelter for foreign women workers who are victims
    of trafficking or physical abuse.  Police officers have been
    designated as liaisons with the MCA's Social Services and
    Welfare office and other NGOs on cases involving trafficking
    and other victims.

    (SBU) Using USG funding and with the assistance of the IOM,
    local NGO Tenaganita plans to establish Malaysia's first
    dedicated shelter for foreign TIP victims in March 2006.
    Tenaganita intends to obtain the formal approval of police,
    immigration and Women's Ministry officials for the shelter,
    as it ramps up operations.  The Indonesian embassy's shelter
    in Kuala Lumpur has a capacity of 80 persons, but in
    mid-February it housed 140 individuals, including a
    15-year-old girl recently trafficked into Malaysia from
    Sumatra for sexual exploitation.  Approximately 80% of the of
    the shelter's occupants are typically TIP victims, according
    to the embassy's lead anti-TIP official.  Of that number,
    about 80% are laborers escaping exploitative conditions, with
    the remainder are persons trafficked for sexual purposes.

    ¶G. (SBU) The Malaysian government views border control as a
    national security issue because of concerns related to
    terrorism, narcotics, public health, economic security, and
    social stability, as well as trafficking.  For all of these
    reasons, the government is making a strong effort to monitor
    the country's borders.  Malaysian passports issued in the
    country are fitted with a microchip that stores the
    biographic data and photograph of the passport holder to
    prevent forged alterations and photo substitution of lost or
    stolen passports.  As part of its crackdown on vice in 2002,
    the government instituted tougher criteria for foreigners
    seeking student visas and increased border scrutiny of young
    persons, particularly from China, entering Malaysia on
    special "social passes."  In 2005 the government began a
    large-scale program to issue immigration "smart cards" to
    permanent residents and legal workers in Malaysia.  The smart
    cards electronically store biographic data, fingerprints and
    the immigration status of the cardholder.

    (SBU) Malaysia's 3000-mile-long coastline creates a
    tremendous challenge for Malaysia's security forces.  In
    addition, the long, heavily forested land border that East
    Malaysia shares with the Indonesian province of Kalimantan
    cannot be patrolled adequately.  The government nonetheless
    makes a serious effort to control these borders.  Reports of
    organized criminal activity to facilitate the entry of
    illegal aliens are investigated by local law enforcement
    authorities, and in some cases suspected perpetrators have
    been detained under Malaysia's Internal Security Act (ISA),
    the Emergency Ordinance and the Restricted Residence Act, all
    of which allow for extended periods of detention without
    charge.  In January 2005, the press reported that the police
    used the ISA to detain nine persons involved in forging
    Malaysian identity cards.  Seven of the individuals worked
    for the Malaysian national registration office and the
    remaining two were members of criminal syndicates.  In both
    2003 and 2004, according to government statistics,
    approximately 4,000 foreign nationals were refused entry into
    Malaysia due to suspicion of owning fake or falsified travel
    documents.

    ¶H. (SBU) A number of governmental interagency groups address
    TIP and related issues.  The MFA leads an interagency group
    on transnational organized crime, which meets monthly and has
    been charged with addressing the trafficking issue from a
    regional perspective.  The Home Affairs Ministry supports
    another interagency group, the Cabinet Committee on Illegal
    Immigrants, which coordinates efforts against illegal
    migration, including TIP.  Deputy Prime Minister Najib, who
    also holds in his portfolio oversight of the National Human
    Rights Commission, chairs the Cabinet Committee on Illegal
    Immigrants.

    (SBU) The Home Affairs Ministry also maintains a special
    interagency task force targeting vice that includes officials
    from the RMP, Immigration, and the Ministries of Home
    Affairs, Housing, Education, and Tourism.  According to NGOs,
    this task force meets occasionally, but its anti-vice
    contributions remain unclear.  An additional border security
    group, the Land Entry Points Coordinating Committee, reviews
    and improves the operational aspects of border control.  A
    similar group also coordinates efforts to improve service,
    security and efficiency of air-entry points.  In the state of
    Sabah, on Borneo, an interagency Federal Special Task Force
    focuses primarily on illegal migration, but also tries to
    prevent TIP.  The task force includes representatives from
    the RMP, Immigration, the national security arm of the Prime
    Minister's Department, and the armed forces.  A separate
    agency under the Home Affairs Ministry, the Anti-Corruption
    Agency, investigates cases of public and private corruption.
    A royal commission on police reform conducted a review of
    police practices, including allegations of police corruption
    and graft, starting in 2004, issuing 125 recommendations in
    April 2005.  In early 2006, the Prime Minister ordered the
    Attorney General to complete the legal groundwork necessary
    to create a permanent independent commission to hear
    complaints against the police.

    (SBU) On the international level, TIP is a component of the
    Eight Priority Areas of Cooperation under the Work Program of
    the ASEAN Plan of Action to Combat Transnational Crime.  In
    2004, Malaysia signed a joint ASEAN Declaration to Combat
    Trafficking in Persons.  The declaration called for greater
    regional counter-TIP cooperation and asked member states to
    undertake actions to respect and safeguard the dignity and
    human rights of victims of trafficking.  In 2005, Malaysia
    convened a meeting of ASEAN attorneys general to sign an
    ASEAN-wide mutual legal assistance treaty (MLAT) designed to
    combat transnational crimes, including TIP, more effectively.
     In May 2002, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia signed
    the "Agreement on Information Exchange and the establishment
    of Communication Procedures" to establish a framework for
    cooperation on border and security incidents, transnational
    crimes (including trafficking in persons), and other illegal
    activities.  Subsequently, Cambodia, Brunei and Thailand
    acceded to the agreement.  Malaysia has been an active
    participant in the "Bali Process" initiated by Australia and
    Indonesia.  In 2003, Malaysia hosted two follow-up
    legislative workshops on People Smuggling, Trafficking in
    Persons and related Transnational Crime.

    (SBU) Malaysia shares intelligence on trafficking syndicates
    and related dangers with the UK, Australia and Interpol.  In
    late 2002, the Sabah state government entered into an
    agreement with the government of the Indonesian province of
    East Kalimantan to cooperate on a range of shared
    cross-border challenges, including finding and arresting
    human traffickers and dismantling syndicates.  In 2004,
    Malaysia ratified the UN Convention against Transnational
    Crime; it is considering signing the supplementary protocol
    against trafficking in persons.  Malaysia is expected to
    conclude an MLAT with the U.S. in 2006.

    ¶J. (SBU) In October 2004, Suhakam, with support from the IOM
    and the Embassy, drafted a national anti-TIP plan of action
    for consideration by the government.  In preparing the plan,
    Suhakam consulted with government agencies and NGOs involved
    with TIP, foreign embassies from source countries for TIP
    victims found in Malaysia, TIP victims and foreign experts on
    TIP such as the IOM.  The national plan of action was
    submitted to the government for consideration in November
    ¶2004.  The government has not yet acted on the anti-TIP
    plan's proposals, nor has it designated a lead ministry for
    counter-TIP programs.

    ¶11. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKERS (PARA 23)
    --------------------------------------------- ------------

    A/B/C. (SBU) In 2002, the government amended the criminal
    code to include extensive anti-trafficking language.
    According to one expert on anti-trafficking legislation, it
    is now "a strong law with solid anti-trafficking provisions
    with regard to trafficking for sexual exploitation."  Using
    the provisions, police regularly raid brothels and arrest
    pimps and enforcers. However, only two such individuals were
    convicted under the penal code during the first nine months
    of 2005.  When the police lack sufficient criminal evidence
    to arrest suspected pimps and traffickers under the Penal
    Code, they often utilize the Restricted Residence Act, one of
    Malaysia's "preventive detention" laws, to incarcerate them.
    Another such law, the Emergency Ordinance, is regularly used
    against criminal syndicates that transport, harbor and
    otherwise facilitate the illegal entry of foreigners into
    Malaysia.

    (SBU) While Malaysia does not have a unitary law specifically
    prohibiting trafficking in persons, most of the acts involved
    in trafficking in persons as defined by the UN Protocol are
    criminal offenses, including recruitment, transportation,
    transfer, wrongful restraint, harboring, receipt of persons
    by means of threat or use of force, or other forms of
    coercion fraud, abuse of power, or forced sexual
    exploitation, slavery, or servitude.  In 2004, the government
    began to use new provisions to the 2001 Anti-Money Laundering
    Act to seize the assets of businesses involved in illicit
    activities, including trafficking.  Following is a summary of
    the legal provisions most commonly used in Malaysia against
    traffickers:

    -- Constitution, Articles 6(1) and 6(2): Prohibit slavery and
    forced labor.

    -- Penal Code, Sections 340-348: Address "wrongful
    confinement" of a person against his/her will.  Punishments
    include maximum prison terms from one to three years and a
    fine.

    -- Penal Code, Section 372: Amended in 2002 to include
    stronger anti-trafficking language, addresses exploitation of
    any person for purposes of prostitution.  Exploitation is
    defined to include selling, hiring, or otherwise obtaining
    possession of any person with the intention to employ or use
    the person for the purpose of prostitution (either inside or
    outside of Malaysia) or knowing or having reason to believe
    that the person will be so employed or used.  Section 372
    expands the offense of exploitation to include using false
    pretense or deceitful means to bring into or take out of
    Malaysia any person; harboring or receiving any (exploited)
    person and wrongfully restraining any person in any place.
    Wrongfully restraining is further defined as withholding
    clothing or property, threatening the person with legal
    proceedings to recover any debt or alleged debt and detaining
    a person's identity card or passport.  Punishment under this
    section of the Code includes a prison term, which may extend
    to 15 years, caning and a fine.

    -- Penal Code, Section 372A: Provides the same penalties as
    section 372 for anyone who lives wholly or in part on the
    earnings of the prostitution of another person.

    -- Penal Code, Section 373: Provides the same penalties as
    section 372 for anyone who keeps, manages or assists in the
    management of a brothel.

    -- Penal Code, Section 374: Addresses unlawful compulsory
    labor and includes punishment by imprisonment for a maximum
    one-year term and the possibility of a fine.

    -- Immigration Act, Sections 55(A) and Sections 56(1)(d):
    Covers a wide spectrum of immigration violations related to
    illegal entry or entry under false pretenses.  The Act also
    addresses "employing" and "conveying" illegal aliens.  The
    Act was amended in 2002 to toughen significantly punishments
    for immigration violators. Those convicted of illegal entry
    face a fine of up to RM 10,000 ($3,800) and/or a prison
    sentence of up to 5 years, and caning of up to a maximum of 6
    strokes.  The penalty for employing an illegal alien is a
    fine of between RM 10,000-50,000 (USD 7,900) for every
    illegal immigrant employed and/or a prison term of up to 12
    months.  An employer employing more than five illegal
    immigrants will be imprisoned from 6 months to 5 years and
    caned up to a maximum of 6 strokes.  The penalty for
    "conveying" (trafficking) illegal immigrants is a fine of RM
    10,000-50,000 for every individual trafficked.  An individual
    convicted for trafficking more than 5 illegal immigrants will
    also be imprisoned for between six months and five years, and
    caned up to a maximum of six strokes.

    -- Child Act (2001): Merges provisions from an array of
    diverse legislation pertaining to children and young persons
    (the Women and Girls Protection Act, the Juvenile Court Act,
    and the Child protection Act) into one law.  The Act
    specifically prohibits trafficking of children and makes it
    an offense to sell, let to hire, or procure (by threat or
    intimidation by false pretense, fraud or deceit) any child
    (defined as anyone under the age of 18) for the purpose of
    sexual exploitation. Penalties for these offenses are a
    maximum prison term of 15 years and a maximum fine of RM
    50,000 (USD 13,000).  The Child Act also authorizes the
    police to provide protection and rehabilitation for children
    in need.  A child in need is defined to include a child who
    "is being induced to perform any sexual act, or being in any
    physical or social environment which may lead to the
    performance of such act".

    -- Passports Act: Criminalizes the forgery or alteration of
    travel documents (including passports, residence permits and
    visas).  Also criminalizes false statements or
    misrepresentation used to gain illegal entry into Malaysia.
    Penalties range from RM 10,000-100,000 ($2,600-$26,000) fine,
    5-10 years in prison, and six strokes of a cane.

    -- Internal Security Act (ISA): Provides for detention up to
    two years without formal charge.  According to the Home
    Affairs Ministry, the ISA has sometimes been used against
    individuals for threatening the security of the country by
    trafficking illegal immigrants or forging travel documents or
    work permits.

    -- The Emergency (Public Order and Prevention of Crime)
    Ordinance: Used against persons, usually criminal syndicates
    that are involved in illicit activities (such as violent
    crime, document forgery and people smuggling), which threaten
    public order.

    -- Restricted Residence Act (RRA): Allows the government to
    require individuals who are suspected of engaging in criminal
    activity including trafficking to move to a pre-determined
    location in the country and remain there under close police
    supervision.   The RRA does not require a formal charge to be
    filed against the suspected individual.  According to police
    data, the RRA was used significantly more often than the
    penal code to charge and detain suspected pimps and
    traffickers during 2005.

    ¶D. (SBU) Federal law criminalizes prostitution and bans
    pornography, and the laws are vigorously enforced.
    Malaysians tend to be conservative on sexual issues.  The 60%
    of the population that is Muslim is subject to Islamic laws
    that prohibit even "close proximity" between men and women
    who are not married to each other.  The activities of the
    prostitute, brothel owner/operator, and enforcer are all
    considered criminal offenses, though clients are not
    generally prosecuted.  The sex trade is largely underground.
    It is visible only at two extremes: in nightclubs and bars
    that cater primarily to affluent foreigners; and in poor
    neighborhoods with large migrant populations.

    ¶E. (SBU) Following amendments to different acts in 2001 and
    2002, the government began to prosecute people involved in
    trafficking for the purposes of prostitution.  According to
    the MFA, in 2002 the first trials and convictions under the
    amended sections 372, 372A and 372B of the Penal Code began
    to work their way through the courts, with 9 trials and 7
    convictions. In 2003 there were 85 cases investigated, 31
    prosecutions and seven convictions.  According to RMP
    statistics, 28 persons were prosecuted (and two convicted)
    under Sections 372 and 373 of the Penal Code from January -
    September 2005, compared with 38 persons prosecuted (and 17
    convicted) during all of 2004.

    (SBU) When police lack sufficient evidence to convict a
    suspected pimp or trafficker, they use the Restricted
    Residence Act to detain the suspected individual.  The Act
    allows the government to detain a suspected trafficker
    indefinitely, without due process of law.  During the first
    nine months of 2005, 48 suspected traffickers were detained
    under the Restricted Residence Act, compared with 47 during
    all of 2004.

    (SBU) According to the government, it detained "about 40"
    members of regional trafficking syndicates from 2000-2004
    under the Internal Security Act (ISA).  The suspected
    traffickers used Malaysia as a transit point for trafficking
    Chinese nationals to third countries.  The government stated
    that 13 international trafficking syndicates were eliminated
    in these operations.

    (SBU) Government officials, NGOs and legal analysts
    acknowledge that prosecution of trafficking perpetrators is
    complicated by the difficulty in producing credible evidence
    and by the lack of victim cooperation.  Evidentiary barriers,
    the prosecution's burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt,
    and pressure to produce convictions in a backlogged criminal
    justice system all work against effective prosecution of
    trafficking cases.  Given these problems, the government has
    employed the ISA, the Emergency Ordinance and the Restricted
    Residence Act to detain or restrict the activities of people
    suspected of trafficking and alien smuggling activity.

    ¶F. (SBU) The RMP reports that a number of large organized
    criminal syndicates, as well as a few smaller groups, traffic
    foreign women into Malaysia, using Malaysia either as the
    women's final destination or as a transit point to a third
    country.  In 2005, there were numerous reports of
    prostitution rings broken up by police and syndicate members
    arrested for involvement in prostitution.  Employment
    agencies are sometimes used as fronts for people smuggling
    and trafficking in persons.  Sex tourism is not widespread in
    Malaysia, nor are there reports of marriage brokers fronting
    for traffickers.

    ¶G. (SBU) As noted in para 8E above, the Malaysian government
    is actively investigating cases of trafficking.  Police
    efforts to break criminal syndicates are complicated by
    layers of middlemen, some of whom reside outside Malaysia.
    Often trafficking victims, both Malaysians who have gone
    abroad and foreigners brought to Malaysia, may only know one
    middleman, who is probably using a false identity.  In
    investigating cases of trafficking, police investigators
    attempt to question repatriated Malaysian victims as soon as
    they return, but the victims usually cannot or will not
    provide enough information for further investigation.

    ¶H. (SBU) The government lacks the expertise to provide law
    enforcement officers with specialized training on how to
    investigate incidences of trafficking.  It continues to take
    full advantage, however, of TIP training for law enforcement
    officers and prosecutors at ILEA Bangkok, as well as
    bilateral training on domestic violence sponsored by the USG
    in Malaysia. Police, prison and immigration officials also
    lack TIP victim identification expertise.  In 2005, senior
    police and immigration officials asked for USG-sponsored TIP
    victim identification training.  The Embassy continues to
    seek funding and provision of such training for GOM law
    enforcement officials.

    ¶I. (SBU) The RMP cooperates with law enforcement agencies in
    neighboring countries whenever cross-border criminal
    incidents are being investigated.  In May 2002, Malaysia,
    Indonesia and the Philippines signed an agreement to
    facilitate cooperation in addressing border and security
    incidents, as well as transnational criminal activities that
    include human trafficking.  In late 2002, the Sabah state
    government entered into a formal agreement with the
    government of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to
    cooperate on a range of issues, including combating TIP and
    investigating trafficking syndicates.  Malaysia actively
    participated in the Bali Process and has hosted two
    legislation workshops related to it.  In early 2005, though a
    joint operation by the RMP and the British National Crime
    Squad, a Malaysian "snakehead" was arrested, tried and
    convicted of smuggling illegal Malaysian workers into the UK.
     In April and October 2005, the RMP closely cooperated with
    an international NGO to raid several brothels in Johor,
    arrest one internationally active trafficker and rescue
    dozens of (primarily Thai) women.  Thai police from Songkla
    visited Kuala Lumpur in February to conduct a joint
    cross-border TIP investigation with local police.
    Representatives from NGOs, as well as the Indonesian, Thai
    and Philippine embassies in Kuala Lumpur, characterize their
    cooperation with police as good.  NGO and embassy officials
    emphasize the timely responses from police to tips about the
    locations of possible TIP victims.

    ¶J. (SBU) There have been no reports of extraditing persons
    charged with trafficking.  Section 108A of the Penal Code
    allows Malaysian authorities to prosecute a Malaysian who
    commits or abets a crime in another country that would be
    deemed an offense under the Penal Code.  Malaysia is a party
    to the ASEAN Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, which is
    designed to facilitate and expedite regional cooperation in
    fighting transnational crime.  Malaysian law does not
    prohibit extradition of Malaysian nationals.

    ¶K. (SBU) There have been no proven cases of tolerance or
    complicity in TIP by government authorities.  Pockets of
    general corruption, particularly at the local police and
    immigration levels, exist.

    ¶L. (SBU) Although some low-level police and immigration
    officials likely receive bribes from brothel owners, pimps
    and traffickers, we are aware of no allegations that police
    officers or other government officials have engaged in
    trafficking.

    (SBU) Most analysts assume that some trafficking-related
    corruption exists among law enforcement and immigration
    ranks, since some TIP victims have been known to pass through
    two or more ports of entry without travel documents.  In
    April 2005, a government-sponsored independent police
    commission noted a rising incidence of police corruption.
    Included among the appointed commissioners were women
    activists active in the fight against TIP.  The commission
    reported that disciplinary actions were initiated against
    1,216 police personnel for corruption and other offenses
    during 2004, compared with 1,138 in 2003.  Police offenses
    noted in the report included accepting bribes, theft, and
    rape; punishments included suspension, demotion and
    dismissal.  The number of these officers involved in
    facilitating trafficking was not available.  As noted above,
    the Prime Minister recently ordered the Attorney General to
    complete the legal groundwork necessary to create a permanent
    independent commission to hear complaints against the police.
     If ultimately established, this commission could provide an
    effective venue for investigations into allegations of police
    complicity in trafficking.

    ¶M. (SBU) Malaysia does not have an identified child sex
    tourism problem, although the Indonesian, Thai and Philippine
    embassies occasionally report interviewing victims under 18
    years of age what have been trafficked for sexual
    exploitation.

    ¶N. (SBU) Malaysia signed and ratified ILO Convention 29 in
    1957, ILO Convention 105 in 1958 (but renounced it in 1990),
    ILO Convention 182 in September 2000, and the UN Convention
    on the Rights of the Child in September 1995.  Malaysia
    signed the UN Convention against Transnational Organized
    Crime in September 2002 and ratified it in 2004.  The
    government has not signed the supplemental Protocol on the
    Sale of Children, or the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and
    Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women.

    ¶12. PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS (PARA 24)
    --------------------------------------------- -----

    ¶A. (SBU) The government provides no shelter facilities
    dedicated exclusively to TIP victims, as these individuals
    are not recognized as victims under Malaysian law.  Until
    Malaysia amends its existing laws or enacts comprehensive
    anti-TIP legislation, TIP victims will be routinely processed
    as illegal migrants and held in the country's prisons or
    illegal migrant detention facilities, prior to deportation.
    According to the RMP and foreign consuls, trafficking victims
    identified by the police are released on an ad hoc basis into
    the custody of a consular official and sent to a women's
    shelter instead of being kept in police lock-up.   The
    Indonesian, Thai and Philippine embassies report that in
    2005, RMP officers brought in many of the over 500 victims
    assisted by the embassies' respective shelter programs during
    the year.

    (SBU) As of February 2006, the Indonesian embassy's shelter
    held 140 individuals, approximately 80% of whom were deemed
    TIP victims by embassy officials.  Women's shelters run by
    other foreign embassies temporarily housed an additional
    30-40 TIP victims per year.  NGOs and police report that NGOs
    currently do not have the capacity to shelter more than 25-50
    victims nationally, leaving the police few alternatives to
    housing victims in detention facilities.  Owing to language
    barriers and limited police training, foreign trafficking
    victims are usually not recognized as victims and are treated
    as immigration offenders.  HIV/AIDS screening is usually
    provided for individuals arrested for prostitution and for
    others who are identified as trafficking victims rather than
    illegal migrants.  When trafficking victims are identified as
    victims prior to detention, they may be sent to a hospital
    for examination and released to their embassies for
    repatriation.

    ¶B. (SBU) Although NGOs do not receive government funding
    specifically to provide services to trafficking victims, the
    government provides general funding to 75 NGOs dedicated to
    women's welfare.  These NGOs provide shelter for victims of
    rape and domestic violence, counseling, legal referrals, and
    job skills training.  Three foreign embassies maintain
    shelters in Kuala Lumpur for citizens who have no place to
    take refuge.  The Thai embassy's shelter is small and held no
    individuals as of February 2006, while the Indonesian
    embassy's shelter is by far the largest, with a (typically
    exceeded) capacity of 80.  Many using the shelters are
    trafficking victims.

    The MWFCD has introduced "women's centers" in each state for
    impoverished, abused and otherwise vulnerable women who may
    need shelter, counseling, and job skills training.  The
    ministry currently operates five such shelters.  The ministry
    stated in 2005 that one of these shelters could be quickly
    converted to house trafficking victims who need assistance,
    once Malaysian law allows the GOM to handle TIP victims as
    such.

    ¶C. (SBU) The government has not yet implemented a formal
    screening process to identify TIP victims and treat them
    accordingly.  A Suhakam-designed TIP victim identification
    questionnaire was used briefly on a trial basis in 2005 at
    the Kajang women's prison.  Both Suhakam and the prison's
    director told us recently that it is no longer used, as
    Malaysian law does not allow special treatment for detained
    TIP victims.

    ¶D. (SBU) Foreign TIP victims are often not recognized as
    victims and, if they are holding false travel documents or
    have been arrested for prostitution, are usually detained and
    deported.  Illegal migrants (including some victims) who are
    caught by the Malaysian authorities without valid travel
    documents are held for a few days in police custody before
    being sent to immigration detention centers or prisons
    pending deportation.  The period of detention varies widely,
    from a few days to several months.  According to foreign
    consular representatives, the usual sentence is one or two
    months' imprisonment and a fine, followed by deportation.

    ¶E. (SBU) The Malaysian government encourages victims to
    assist in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking,
    but reports that most victims are unwilling to testify or do
    not have sufficient information to assist in a prosecution.
    A trafficking victim may file a civil suit against a
    trafficker under Malaysian law, and there have been many
    cases of migrant workers filing such suits in cases where
    they were not paid the salary they were promised or put to
    work in abusive conditions that were contrary to their
    contracts.  While there is no specific impediment to the
    victims' access to such legal redress, they are usually not
    able to obtain employment while the court considers their
    case, and so for economic reasons this type of action in not
    usually pursued.  We are not aware of any victim restitution
    program.

    ¶F. (SBU) Some foreign victims have access to legal counsel
    through the Legal Aid Center of the Malaysian Bar Council.
    Police say that most victims are unwilling or unable to
    provide enough information for criminal prosecution of the
    trafficker, and many simply want to return to their home
    country as soon as possible.  One NGO reported that pimps and
    traffickers are often present in the courtroom during court
    proceedings to intimidate the victims, while another NGO
    reported in October that police allowed a trafficker to visit
    ten Thai trafficking victims in detention.  The Malaysian
    government does not have a witness protection program in
    place for any prosecution witnesses.  The Abduction and
    Criminal Intimidation of Witnesses Act of 1947 criminalizes
    the abduction of any person for the purpose of preventing
    their testimony and thereby obstructing justice.  The police
    and Attorney General have advised that this is rarely used in
    trafficking cases.  The courts have begun to experiment with
    video conferencing and videotaped depositions to provide
    protection to victims who are afraid to testify in court.  As
    of February 2006, the necessary equipment was installed in
    several locations, but the program had not yet been initiated.

    (SBU) According to an Indonesian embassy official, many
    Indonesian plantation workers in Sabah are detained on the
    plantations and forced to work for less than $3 (i.e. RM8-10)
    per day.  Under Malaysian law, victims of these forms of
    trafficking are entitled to seek compensation through the
    legal system and are eligible to remain in Malaysia while
    their legal suit is pending.  In general, Malaysian courts
    have ruled in favor of the victims and in some cases imposed
    harsh prison sentences on the employer.  However, such
    labor-related lawsuits may take months or even years to be
    adjudicated.  Meanwhile, the victim is not allowed by the GOM
    to work and is typically left with insufficient means of
    financial self-support; they therefore often leave the
    country, rather than see their case through to completion.

    ¶G. (SBU) The government does not currently provide special
    training for officials on how to identify or assist
    trafficking victims.  Senior police and immigration officials
    have acknowledged that additional training and expertise are
    needed to improve identification and handling of trafficking
    victims.  Police and immigration officials have asked the USG
    to provide additional such training to improve their anti-TIP
    capability, and we have requested funding for the training
    (ref B).  Outside of citizen services and repatriation
    training, Malaysian embassy and consulate staff abroad do not
    receive specialized training on how to assist trafficking
    victims.  Malaysian police, immigration officials and public
    prosecutors have received training at ILEA on trafficking in
    persons, as well as USG-funded bilateral training on domestic
    violence.

    ¶H. (SBU) Repatriated Malaysian victims who do not have the
    support of family or friends are referred to the MWFCD for
    public assistance.  Private groups, such as the MCA's welfare
    wing, also offer services to repatriated victims.

    ¶I. (SBU) MCA, the Bar Council, Tenaganita, Women's Aide
    Organization (WAO), and the International Federation of Women
    Lawyers (IFWL) are the Malaysian NGOs most active in working
    with trafficking victims.  In 2004, the IOM provided
    Assistance to Suhakam to draft a national plan of action to
    combat TIP.  In 2005, the IOM and Tenaganita submitted a
    project proposal to the Embassy to shelter, repatriate and
    reintegrate TIP victims. Following funding approval, the IOM
    and Tenaganita signed a MOU regarding establishment of the
    shelter, and it is scheduled to commence operations in March
    ¶2006.  Two NGOs maintain shelters that are available to
    foreign trafficking victims.  One of the shelters provides
    in-house counseling, medical referrals to clinics and legal
    referrals to the Bar Council's Legal Aid Center.  The shelter
    also works with foreign missions to arrange for translators
    and to facilitate repatriation for women trafficked to
    Malaysia.  Other women's shelters in the country provide
    refuge, but have few additional resources for the special
    needs of trafficking victims.  NGO relations with local
    authorities vary.  Some frequently receive cooperation from
    law enforcement officials, but others experience greater
    difficulty.  The MCA, WAO and Tenaganita provide a full range
    of services, including counseling, shelter, and repatriation
    assistance.  The Bar Council and IFWL provide legal
    assistance.  Foreign embassies and local NGOs report that
    cooperation with the federal police in Kuala Lumpur has
    generally been good.  Outside of Kuala Lumpur, with other
    agencies such as Immigration, cooperation is less consistent.

    ¶13. HEROES (PARA 22)
    --------------------

    (SBU) For the 2006 Trafficking in Persons Report the Embassy
    nominates Irene Fernandez, President of local NGO Tenaganita,
    for honor as an individual who has demonstrated an
    exceptional commitment to fighting TIP.  Over the past
    several years, her work on behalf of both mistreated migrant
    workers and sexual trafficking victims in Malaysia has
    garnered her worldwide respect and support.  Fernandez was
    arrested in March 1996 for publishing a report about detainee
    abuse and very poor sanitation conditions in the country's
    illegal migrant detention centers.  Found guilty in October
    2003 and sentenced to one year in jail, she appealed her
    case.  Hers has become the longest-running court case in
    Malaysian history.  In May 2005, her NGO Tenaganita published
    a video entitled "Breaking Labor" that included the tragic
    stories of several foreign victims of labor trafficking and
    abuse in Malaysia.  During 2005, Tenaganita facilitated legal
    assistance and shelter for sexual trafficking victims.  In
    December 2005, Fernandez traveled to Stockholm to accept the
    Right Livelihood Award, commonly known as the "Alternative
    Nobel Prize."  And as of February 2006, in cooperation with
    the IOM and with USG funding, Tenaganita was poised to
    establish Malaysia's first dedicated TIP victim shelter and
    repatriate TIP victims to their home countries. Tenaganita
    has become the largest and most effective anti-TIP NGO in
    Malaysia, and this status is largely due to Fernandez'
    efforts.  She has demonstrated considerable vision, courage
    and leadership in the face of the Malaysian government
    lawsuit.  Her efforts have directly benefited hundreds of TIP
    victims, as well as influenced the GOM to improve its
    anti-TIP attitudes and actions.
    LAFLEUR

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