Cable Viewer

Currently released so far... 5445 / 251,287

### Articles

Brazil Sri Lanka United Kingdom Sweden Editorial United States Latin America Egypt Yemen Jordan

### Browse latest releases

2010/11 2010/12 2011/01 2011/02 2011/03
2010/11/28 2010/11/29 2010/11/30
2010/12/01 2010/12/02 2010/12/03 2010/12/04 2010/12/05 2010/12/06 2010/12/07 2010/12/08 2010/12/09 2010/12/10 2010/12/11 2010/12/12 2010/12/13 2010/12/14 2010/12/15 2010/12/16 2010/12/17 2010/12/18 2010/12/19 2010/12/20 2010/12/21 2010/12/22 2010/12/23 2010/12/24 2010/12/25 2010/12/26 2010/12/27 2010/12/28 2010/12/29 2010/12/30
2011/01/01 2011/01/02 2011/01/04 2011/01/05 2011/01/07 2011/01/09 2011/01/10 2011/01/11 2011/01/12 2011/01/13 2011/01/14 2011/01/15 2011/01/16 2011/01/17 2011/01/18 2011/01/19 2011/01/20 2011/01/21 2011/01/22 2011/01/23 2011/01/24 2011/01/25 2011/01/26 2011/01/27 2011/01/28 2011/01/29 2011/01/30 2011/01/31
2011/02/01 2011/02/02 2011/02/03 2011/02/04 2011/02/05 2011/02/06 2011/02/07 2011/02/08 2011/02/09 2011/02/10 2011/02/11 2011/02/12 2011/02/13 2011/02/14 2011/02/15 2011/02/16 2011/02/17 2011/02/18 2011/02/19 2011/02/20 2011/02/21 2011/02/22 2011/02/23 2011/02/24 2011/02/25 2011/02/26 2011/02/27 2011/02/28
2011/03/01 2011/03/02 2011/03/03 2011/03/04 2011/03/05 2011/03/06 2011/03/07 2011/03/08 2011/03/09 2011/03/10 2011/03/11 2011/03/13

### Browse by creation date

66 72 73 75 79 86 88 89 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
1966/12
1972/02 1972/08
1973/04
1975/03
1979/08
1986/05
1988/01
1989/12
1990/01 1990/07 1990/08 1990/10
2000/06 2000/09 2000/11
2001/02 2001/03 2001/07 2001/10
2002/02 2002/03 2002/11
2003/03 2003/04 2003/05 2003/06 2003/07 2003/08 2003/09 2003/10 2003/11 2003/12
2004/01 2004/02 2004/03 2004/04 2004/05 2004/06 2004/07 2004/08 2004/09 2004/10 2004/11 2004/12
2005/01 2005/02 2005/03 2005/04 2005/05 2005/06 2005/07 2005/08 2005/09 2005/10 2005/11 2005/12
2006/01 2006/02 2006/03 2006/04 2006/05 2006/06 2006/07 2006/08 2006/09 2006/10 2006/11 2006/12
2007/01 2007/02 2007/03 2007/04 2007/05 2007/06 2007/07 2007/08 2007/09 2007/10 2007/11 2007/12
2008/01 2008/02 2008/03 2008/04 2008/05 2008/06 2008/07 2008/08 2008/09 2008/10 2008/11 2008/12
2009/01 2009/02 2009/03 2009/04 2009/05 2009/06 2009/07 2009/08 2009/09 2009/10 2009/11 2009/12
2010/01 2010/02

### Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z
Embassy Athens Embassy Asuncion Embassy Astana Embassy Asmara Embassy Ashgabat Embassy Ankara Embassy Amman Embassy Algiers Embassy Addis Ababa Embassy Accra Embassy Abuja Embassy Abu Dhabi Embassy Abidjan Consulate Amsterdam American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embassy Bujumbura Embassy Buenos Aires Embassy Budapest Embassy Bucharest Embassy Brussels Embassy Bridgetown Embassy Bratislava Embassy Brasilia Embassy Bogota Embassy Bishkek Embassy Bern Embassy Berlin Embassy Belgrade Embassy Beirut Embassy Beijing Embassy Banjul Embassy Bangkok Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan Embassy Bamako Embassy Baku Embassy Baghdad Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Copenhagen Embassy Conakry Embassy Colombo Embassy Chisinau Embassy Caracas Embassy Canberra Embassy Cairo Consulate Curacao Consulate Casablanca Consulate Cape Town
Embassy Dushanbe Embassy Dublin Embassy Doha Embassy Djibouti Embassy Dhaka Embassy Dar Es Salaam Embassy Damascus Embassy Dakar Consulate Dubai
Embassy Freetown
Embassy Guatemala Embassy Gaborone Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki Embassy Harare Embassy Hanoi Consulate Hermosillo Consulate Hamburg
Iran RPO Dubai Embassy Islamabad Consulate Istanbul
Embassy Jakarta Consulate Jerusalem Consulate Jeddah
Embassy Kyiv Embassy Kuwait Embassy Kuala Lumpur Embassy Kinshasa Embassy Kigali Embassy Khartoum Embassy Kampala Embassy Kabul
Embassy Luxembourg Embassy Luanda Embassy London Embassy Ljubljana Embassy Lisbon Embassy Lima Embassy Lilongwe Embassy La Paz Consulate Lagos
Mission USNATO Embassy Muscat Embassy Moscow Embassy Montevideo Embassy Monrovia Embassy Minsk Embassy Mexico Embassy Mbabane Embassy Maputo Embassy Manama Embassy Managua Embassy Malabo Embassy Madrid Consulate Munich Consulate Montreal Consulate Monterrey Consulate Milan
Embassy New Delhi Embassy Nassau Embassy Nairobi Consulate Naples
Embassy Ouagadougou Embassy Ottawa Embassy Oslo
Embassy Pristina Embassy Pretoria Embassy Prague Embassy Port Au Prince Embassy Phnom Penh Embassy Paris Embassy Paramaribo Embassy Panama Consulate Peshawar
Embassy Quito
REO Basrah Embassy Rome Embassy Riyadh Embassy Riga Embassy Reykjavik Embassy Rangoon Embassy Rabat Consulate Rio De Janeiro Consulate Recife
Secretary of State Embassy Stockholm Embassy Sofia Embassy Skopje Embassy Singapore Embassy Seoul Embassy Sarajevo Embassy Santo Domingo Embassy Santiago Embassy Sanaa Embassy San Salvador Embassy San Jose Consulate Strasbourg Consulate Shenyang Consulate Shanghai Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis Embassy Tripoli Embassy Tokyo Embassy The Hague Embassy Tel Aviv Embassy Tehran Embassy Tegucigalpa Embassy Tbilisi Embassy Tashkent Embassy Tallinn
USUN New York USEU Brussels US Mission Geneva US Interests Section Havana US Delegation, Secretary UNVIE Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius Embassy Vienna Embassy Vatican Consulate Vladivostok
Embassy Windhoek Embassy Wellington Embassy Warsaw
Embassy Yerevan Embassy Yaounde
Embassy Zagreb

### Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
AR ASEC AEMR AORC AJ AF AMGT ACOA AO AE AU AFIN AX AMED ADCO AG AODE APER AFFAIRS AC AS AM AL ASIG ABLD ABUD AA AFU ASUP AROC ATFN AVERY APCS AER ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG AEC APECO AGMT ATRN
BA BR BL BO BH BTIO BEXP BU BIDEN BM BK BY BG BE BF BB BC BBSR BMGT BRUSSELS BTIU BILAT BX
CO CS CH COUNTER CVIS CASC CDG CI CU CIS CA CBW CF CM CLINTON CMGT CN CE CJAN CONDOLEEZZA COE CR CY CG CD CTM COUNTRY CLEARANCE CPAS CWC CT CKGR CB CACS COM CJUS CARSON CL COUNTERTERRORISM CIA CACM CDB CV CAN
DR DA DHS DOE DEA DK DJ DISENGAGEMENT DS DTRA DOD DEAX
ETTC EG ECON EINV EFIN ETRD EAGR ELAB ENRG ECPS EWWT EUN EAID EU EAIR ECIN EPET ER EINT EIND EMIN ELTN EFIS EI EN ES EC EXTERNAL EINVETC ENVR ENIV EZ EINN ENGR EUR ECA ET ESA ELN ENERG EK ENGY ETRO ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS ETRDEINVTINTCS ESENV ENVI EFTA ELECTIONS ECUN EINVEFIN ECIP EINDETRD EUC EREL ECONEFIN
FR FAO FTAA FREEDOM FI FARC FBI FJ FMLN FINR
GE GG GR GM GH GTIP GV GT GOI GCC GAZA GZ GA GANGS GTMO
HUMAN HILLARY HO HA HYMPSK HR HU HURI HK HSTC
IS IAEA IC IZ IR IT ITPHUM IV IPR IWC IQ IN IO ID ICTY ISRAELI IRAQI IIP ICRC ICAO IMO IF ILC IEFIN INRB INTELSAT IL IA IBRD IMF INR IRC ITALY ITALIAN INTERPOL IRAJ INRA INRO
JOSEPH JA JO JP JOHNNIE JUS JAMES
KCRM KPAL KDEM KE KWMN KPAO KNNP KJUS KGHG KN KS KISL KTIP KDRG KSCA KCOR KIPR KTLA KIRF KV KCFC KHLS KGIC KRAD KSPR KG KZ KTFN KTIA KHIV KWBG KACT KPRP KU KAWC KOLY KCIP KCFE KOCI KPKO KTDB KMRS KFRD KLIG KBCT KICC KMCA KGIT KSTC KMDR KUNR KPAK KNEI KSEP KPOA KFLU KNUP KNNPMNUC KVPR KOMC KAWK KO KTER KSUM KHUM KRFD KBIO KBTR KDDG KWWMN KFLO KSAF KBTS KPRV KMPI KHDP KNPP KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KNAR KWMM KERG KFIN KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KTBT KCRS KRVC KSTH KREL KIRC KNSD KTEX KPAI KHSA KPLS KR KPWR KWAC KMIG KSEC KIFR KDEMAF KGCC KPIN KNUC KCOM KDEV
LY LE LG LH LI LU LO LOG LT
MASS MNUC MEPP MOPS MARR MTCRE MK MTRE MX MU MCAP ML MO MP MA MY MIL MDC MTCR MAR MEPI MRCRE MI MT MR MQADHAFI MD MAPS MUCN MASC MASSMNUC MERCOSUR MC MPOS MZ MOPPS MAPP MG MCC
NATO NE NS NPT NL NAR NO NI NIPP NZ NU NPG NK NSG NA NT NASA NG NGO NP NSF NATIONAL
OPDC OREP ODIP OTRA OVIP OSCE OPRC OAS OFDP OPIC OIIP OEXC OECD OPCW OSCI OIE OIC OTR OVP OFFICIALS OSAC
PGOV PTER PREL PHUM PINR PINS PARM PREF PBTS PARMS PORG PE PK PHSA PROP PO PA PM PMIL PL PTERE POL PF PALESTINIAN PY PGGV PNR POV PAK PAO PFOR PHALANAGE PARTY PRGOV PNAT PROV PEL PINF PGOVE POLINT PRL PRAM PMAR PGOVLO PHUMBA PHUS PHUMPREL PG POLITICS PEPR PSI PINT PSOE PU POLITICAL PARTIES PBIO PECON POGOV PINL PKFK PGOF
QA
RS RU RO RIGHTS RW RICE ROBERT RF RFE RP REGION
SMIG SNAR SENV SOCI SCUL SY SO SP SA SW SHUM SR SF SZ SU SL SYR ST SANC SC SAN SIPRS SK SH SI SNARCS STEINBERG SN SG
TERRORISM TSPA TH TU TO TBIO TW TX TFIN TD TRGY TSPL TZ TIP TPHY TS TK TNGD TI TC TINT TRSY TP TR TT
UNGA UNSC UK UNESCO UN UP UZ UY UE UAE UNO UNEP UG US USTR UNHCR UNMIK UNDP UNHRC USAID UNCHS UNAUS USUN USEU UNCHC UV
VE VT VM VZ VTPREL VN
WZ WMO WI WTRO WTRQ WHO WWARD WB WBG WEU WHA WTO WA
XF XM XA XL XZ XW XR XH XG XT XC XY XD XE XK XS
YM YI YE
ZI ZP ZK ZF ZB ZANU ZOELLICK ZR ZU ZA ZO ZJ

### Browse by classification

CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL//NOFORN SECRET SECRET//NOFORN UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

### Community resources

Follow us on Twitter Check our Reddit Twitter this Digg this page Contact us on IRC

courage is contagious

### Viewing cable 09PESHAWAR41, SECURITY ENVIRONMENT PROFILE QUESTIONNAIRE (SEPQ)-PESHAWAR

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:

- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.

To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #09PESHAWAR41.

Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
09PESHAWAR41 | 2009-02-28 11:11 | 2010-11-30 21:09 | SECRET | Consulate Peshawar

`

    R 281125Z FEB 09
    FM AMCONSUL PESHAWAR
    TO SECSTATE WASHDC 7857
    INFO AMEMBASSY ISLAMABAD
    AMCONSUL PESHAWAR

` `

    SS E C R E T PESHAWAR 000041

    DEPT FOR: DS/IP/SCA; DS/TIA/ITA

    E.O. 12958: DECL: 2/28/2019
    TAGS: ASEC PK PTER
    SUBJECT: SECURITY ENVIRONMENT PROFILE QUESTIONNAIRE (SEPQ)-PESHAWAR

    REF: STATE 33533

    CLASSIFIED BY: David J. Hazarian, Regional Security Officer,
    RSO, State.
    REASON: 1.4 (d)

    The following responses are provided for the Security
    Environment Profile Questionnaire (SEPQ) Responses are keyed to
    questions in Reftel.

    (U) Demonstrations

    ¶A. Yes. There are numerous religious communities and
    organizations within the NWFP and FATA, including a high volume
    of violent Islamist islamaci radical groups that are fully
    capable of carrying out anti-American demonstrations. In
    addition, political parties, at times, include anti-American
    sentiments in their demonstrations on domestic political issues.

    i. In Peshawar, YES. There were eleven medium to large
    demonstrations following Friday prayers relating to counter
    terrorism efforts in the Tribal areas. There was also one large
    demonstration where locals were protesting against the NATO
    supply shipments transiting Peshawar onward to Afghanistan.

    ii. No, Consulate Peshawar is located within the confines of a
    Military cantonment and is marginally insulated from
    demonstrations.

    iii. The one demonstration stated in (Ai), consisted of
    approximately 3,500 individuals.

    iv. All three are possible. Pakistani military operations in the
    FATA are perceived as initiated by the U.S. or policies viewed
    by some as anti-Islamic are often blamed on U.S. influence.

    ¶B. Demonstrations are generally peaceful but have the
    potential to become violent.

    i. No

    ii. No

    ¶C. Peshawar has not witnessed a large volume of Anti-Government
    demonstrations over the past year.

    i. No

    ii. 250-700

    iii. Demonstrations are generally peaceful but have the
    potential to become violent.

    iv. No

    II. (S) Macro Conflict Conditions

    ¶A. Yes. Elements of the Taliban and Al-Qaida fighting in
    Afghanistan use sites in the NWFP and the FATA for training,
    rest, and recuperation. The Taliban have used the NWFP and the
    FATA to stage attacks into Afghanistan and have also initiated
    attacks on the Pakistan Military and Government in both the
    Settled areas and the Tribal areas. Elements sympathetic to the
    Taliban have attacked GOP buildings, officials, citizens and
    Western-associated enterprises and personnel inside Peshawar,
    often as retaliation for GOP efforts to stop Taliban and Al
    Qaeda activities. The Pakistani Military has engaged in clashes
    with Taliban elements inside the FATA and NWFP and local Police
    have engaged with militants within the confines of downtown
    Peshawar. The NWFP and the FATA have seen frequent instances of
    sectarian violence between Shi'a and Sunni elements, most
    notably in Peshawar (two bombings of Shi'a mosques in the Old
    City during the Muharram Holiday); Sectarian violence has taken
    place in Swat, Bannu, Kurram Tribal area and the NWFP's D.I.
    Khan area.

    ¶B. The conflicts mentioned above have taken place mostly in the
    FATA and NWFP to include the "settled areas", which are adjacent
    to the FATA. Almost every FATA Agency has been effected by the
    above mentioned conflicts. Heavily effected areas include Tank,
    D.I. Khan, Bannu, Swat, Mohmand, Hangu and North and South
    Waziristan. However, recently a significant number of attacks
    have occurred in the settled areas.

    ¶C. U.S. Consulate Peshawar

    ¶D. Yes, the Taliban, Al Qaeda and extremist militants are
    Anti-U.S. in nature and express this in their actions and
    demonstrated capabilities.

    III. (S) Host Country Capabilities

    ¶A. The Peshawar police are poor at deterring crime, and
    responses to emergency calls by local citizens often go
    unattended. The police have generally responded effectively to
    Consulate Peshawar's requests when assistance has been needed.
    The Police have limited resources, such as a shortage of
    vehicles, and criminal lab facilities. Their police force is
    geared toward security force work, i.e. protecting a street
    corner, than investigative work or proactive procedures. As a
    result of crime concerns a number of wealthier citizens in
    Peshawar have hired contract security companies to provide armed
    personnel at their residences.

    ¶B. The police forces in the NWFP have received significant
    training and support from the U.S. State Department, Diplomatic
    Security Anti-terrorism Training Assistance (ATA) Program and
    the Department of Justice's International Criminal Investigative
    Training Assistance Program (ICITAP). The training is first rate
    but it has not had a major effect on police capabilities in the
    province. Their ability to conduct effective investigations,
    whether it be post-blast, homicide or kidnappings is extremely
    limited.

    ¶C. Yes. Corruption tends to be wide spread and pervasive at all
    ranks of law enforcement. There are also reports of high-level
    corruption in the province.

    ¶D. Yes, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is
    professional and capable of deterring terrorist actions.
    However, they do face resource challenges which sometimes
    affects their ability to effectively conduct counterterrorism
    operations.

    ¶E. Yes, ISI for the most part, is cooperative with U.S.
    Consulate requests for information and support. They are an
    important U.S. ally in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).
    However, there is a divided loyalty within ISI ranks which may
    cause inaction, or assistance to Taliban and anti U.S. groups.

    ¶F. Yes. A number of Al-Qaeda and Taliban members have been
    killed or apprehended.

    ¶G. Yes. Pakistani officials have been very responsive. At the
    Consulate in Peshawar, we have a platoon of Capital City Police
    and a platoon of Frontier Constabulary augmenting security at
    the consulate.

    ¶H. The airport security is below-average.

    ¶I. The customs and immigration control at airports is adequate
    but at border crossings along the border with Afghanistan and
    Iran it is ineffective.

    ¶J. Ineffective, the borders are porous. Taliban and militant
    extremists are constantly crossing the border with Afghanistan
    and engaging in terrorist and smuggling activity. The rugged
    terrain makes it difficult to patrol and control the border.

    (6) (S) Indigenous Terrorism

    ¶I. (S) Anti-American Terrorist Groups

    ¶A. Yes-Pakistan has a significant number of Islamic extremist
    militants. Jaish-i-Muhammad (banned by the GOP) aka
    Khudam-ul-Islam, Lashkar-I-Tayyiba (banned by the GOP),
    Jamaat-ul-Furqaan, Harakat ul-Jihad-I-Islami, Harakat
    ul-Mujahideen aka Jamiat ul-Ansar, harakat ul-Mujahideen
    al-Alami, Al-Badr Mujahideen, Hizbul Mujahideen, Harakat ul
    Ansar, Lashkar I-Jhangvi (banned by the GOP), Sipah I-Sahaba
    Pakistan (banned by the GOP), Hizb-e-Islami Khalis, Tehrik Nefaz
    I-Shariat Muhammadi (banned by the GOP), Taliban and Al Qaeda.

    ¶B. In Peshawar, Yes, the killing of an Amcit USAID Contractor.

    ¶C. Yes, the attack of the Principal Officer.

    ¶D. Yes, see C.

    ¶E. See C-and there continues to be credible on-going reporting
    by these groups to target U.S. interests and personnel.

    ¶F. They operate across the FATA and NWFP and inner city of
    Peshawar.

    ¶G. U.S. Consulate Peshawar which is located in Peshawar.

    II. Other Indigenous Terrorist Groups

    ¶A. In Peshawar, yes

    ¶B. Yes, there have been three diplomats kidnapped within 2-5
    kilometers of Consulate residences; thirteen individual rocket
    attacks which have impacted within 1-7 kilometers from the
    Consulate and Consulate residential housing area; three large
    IED attacks within 800 meters to 3 kilometers of the Consulate;
    four shooting incidents between host nation police and militants
    within 200 meters to 1.5 kilometers from the Consulate
    residential housing area; seven infantry-style assaults
    conducted by militants on NATO shipping terminals located 5-7
    kilometers from the Consulate residential housing area ranging
    from 50-275 militants used in these attacks and two
    assassination attempts of Amcit personnel, resulting in the
    death of a USAID Contractor and the unsuccessful
    assisination/kidnapping attempt of the Principal Officer within
    125-meters to 3 feet from the Consulate residential housing
    area. Additionally, there have been 138 incidents of violent
    crimes and kidnappings targeting locals which have occurred
    within 2-3 kilometers of the Consulate and Consulate residential
    housing area.

    ¶C. In Peshawar, yes. Indiscriminate attacks have occurred
    directly in front of Consulate facilities/residences and as
    close as 400 meters from the Consulate. On two separate
    occasions USG personnel were specifically targeted, resulting in
    the death of one USAID Contractor (see B). There have also been
    sectarian violence aimed at specific groups i.e. Sunni, Shi'a
    and there have also been numerous random attacks
    indiscriminately targeting innocent civilians.

    ¶D. Yes, see-(B and C)

    (7). (S) Transnational Terrorism

    ¶I. (S) Transnational Terrorist Indicators

    ¶A. Yes, Al Qaeda, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), Islamic
    Jihad Union, Peshawar is the birthplace of Al-Qaida and
    continues to provide a safe haven for it's activities.

    ¶B. All

    ¶C. Officially no, however, sympathizers are suspected
    throughout the GOP ranks.

    ¶D. Yes, some Islamic charities include al-Rashid Trust,
    Al-Akhtar Trust, Idara, Khidmat-e-Khalq. Also, madrassas support
    some of these groups.

    ¶E. Both Sunni and Shi'a with extremist views support these
    groups.

    ¶F. The hostile third country intelligence services in Pakistan
    include Russia, Iran, Cuba and China. There is no corroborated
    information at this time to suggest that these intelligence
    services are directly targeting U.S. interests in Pakistan or
    are engaged in anti-American terrorist acts.

    ¶G. The availability of weapons and explosives is high in the
    NWFP and FATA as well in neighboring Afghanistan with the border
    area being so porous. On a routine basis, Pakistani security
    forces and police are uncovering sizeable numbers of weapons and
    explosives from suspected terrorist locations throught downtown
    Peshawar, FATA and the NWFP.

    ¶8. (U) Point of contact of contact for this information RSO
    Peshawar, David J. Hazarian

`